Carbonaceous particles in Muztagh Ata ice core,West Kunlun Mountains,China

Carbonaceous particles concentrations of OC and EC are determined using a two-step gas chroma- tography system in Muztagh Ata ice core covering the time period of 1955--2000. Over the period represented by the core, OC and EC concentrations appear to have changed significantly, varied in the range of 17.7--216.7 and 6.5--124.6, and averaged 61.8, 32.9 ng·g^-1, respectively. The average concentration of EC in Muztagh Ata ice core is much lower than that in an Alpine ice core record （100--300 ng·g^-1） during the same period, but it is a factor of 14 in Greenland ice core （2.3 ng·g^-1）, this may induce a strong impact on the snow albedo in the last 46 years in our study area. Observations indicate two periods with obviously high deposition concentrations （1955--1965 and 1974--1989） and two periods with low concentrations （1966--1973 and 1990--1995）, as well as a recent increasing trend. By comparing EC and SO4^2- concentration variations and deciphering OC/EC ratios recorded in the same ice core, we can judge roughly that the carbonaceous particles deposited in Muztagh Ata ice core were attributed to fossil fuel combustion sources.     

An endpoint damage oriented model for life cycle environmental impact assessment of buildings in China

The midpoint impact assessment methodology and several weighting methods that are currently used by most building Life cycle assessment （LCA） researchers in China, still have some shortcomings. In order to make the evaluation results have better temporal and spatial applicability, the endpoint impact assessment methodology was adopted in this paper. Based on the endpoint damage oriented concept, four endpoints of resource exhaustion, energy exhaustion, human health damage and ecosystem damage were selected according to the situation of China and the specialties of the building industry. Subsequently the formula for calculating each endpoint, the background value for normalization and the weighting factors were defined. Following that, an endpoint damage oriented model to evaluate the life cycle environmental impact of buildings in China was established. This model can produce an in- tegrated indicator for environmental impact, and consequently provides references for directing the sustainable building design.     

Inter-hemispheric comparison of climate change in the last millennium based on the ECHO-G simulation

The commonality and difference in the variations of temperature and precipitation between the Northern Hemisphere （NH） and Southern Hemispheres （SH） in the last millennium are investigated by analysis of the millennium simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model. The NH mean temperature variations are generally consistent with those of the SH counterpart on the interannual, decadal and centennial time scales. But, the transition times between the medieval warm period （MWP）, the little ice age （LIA）, and the present-day warm period （PWP） in the NH leads that in the SH; and the anomaly amplitude in the NH is significantly larger than the SH counterpart. For the precipitation variations, the NH mean precipitation varies in-phase with the SH mean precipitation on decadal and centennial scales （mainly in the mid-high latitudes） but out-of-phase on the interannual scale （mainly in the low latitudes）. During the MWP the warming has comparable amplitude in the NH and SH; however, during the PWP the NH warming is considerably stronger than the SH warming. Further, the present-day temperature rises in the NH high latitudes but decreases in the SH high latitudes, which is very different from the warming pattern during the MWP. Since during the MWP the greenhouse gases （GHG） concentration stayed at a low level, we infer that the present-day opposite temperature tendency in the high latitudes between the two hemispheres may be related to the increase of the GHG concentration.     

动态称重系统的试验数据采集与处理方法

本文首先简要地介绍一下数据采集前端的信号调试电路的模拟信号处理,然后叙述了动态称重信号的特点,紧接着介绍基于删的称重数字信号采集,再着重介绍数据滤波以及系统试验方案,最后给出了整个系统的程序设计方案。     

含风电场电力系统电压波动的随机潮流计算与分析

提出了用随机潮流计算分析风电场并网所引起的系统电压波动的方法.该方法全面考虑了风电场出力变化、负荷波动、发电机停运以及线路故障等随机因素,通过随机潮流计算求出风电场并网后系统各节点电压的概率分布,其中特别包括风电场接入点的电压波动情况.在此基础上,该方法可以对风电场的无功补偿进行进一步分析.此外还证明了用三参数的Weibull分布描述风速变化可以更好地反映高风速对风电机组输出功率的影响,对于常年风速较高的风电场更适合采用此分布描述.对接有风电场的IEEE RTS 24节点系统进行的算例分析证明了该方法的有效性,并通过实例说明了如何利用该方法指导对异步风力发电机的无功补偿.     

桥梁高桩承台体系推倒分析侧向力分布模式

介绍了几种常见的侧向力分布模式,并针对高桩承台体系的等效固结模型,通过改变承台质量,对几种分布模式的推倒分析曲线与非线性时程分析结果进行了比较.发现承台质量较大时,上述模式均低估了承台的惯性力作用,并且时程分析得到的体系抵抗不同地震波的能力差异较大,而上述模式对应的能力曲线却没有体现出这种不同.考虑到高桩承台体系承台惯性力较大的特点,借鉴墩顶集中力分布模式,提出了双集中力分布模式.以一飘浮体系斜拉桥的高桩承台模型为例,进行常见模式以及新模式下纵桥向的推倒分析,并将推倒分析曲线与非线性时程分析的结果进行了比较,发现新模式的结果与时程分析的结果吻合得较好.     

陕西府谷杜松自然保护区杜松种群结构与生命表分析

为了阐明杜松（Juniperus rigida）种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,编制了该种群的静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线和死亡率曲线,以及4种生存函数曲线.结果表明：杜松种群数量少,幼苗更新不良,属于衰退型种群.杜松种群的存活曲线属于左偏正态型,该种群的死亡率与消失率变化趋势基本一致.龄级Ⅰ与Ⅱ的值为负,在Ⅵ龄级达到最大.导致种群衰退的原因有种子萌发和幼苗生长困难和比较严重的人为干扰.应当提高种子的萌发率,人工培育幼苗,形成不同龄级的种群更新体系,减少人为干扰,以达到保护杜松的目的.4个生     

冰温度膨胀力对渡槽结构影响的有限元分析

在对冰温度膨胀力进行简要分析的基础上,采用冰的黏弹性模型,将有限元方法引入冰温度膨胀力对预应力混凝土渡槽结构影响的计算中．针对工程中常见的受固定约束的冰层对渡槽结构的影响进行有限元建模计算．通过分析可知,冰温度膨胀力会使底板上侧靠近边墙附近产生较高的应力集中,会引起局部结构的破坏．同时,对模型进行冰层厚度和不同温升时间的敏感性分析．结果表明,当温升时间相同时,冰温度膨胀力会随着冰层厚度的增大而增加．     

正交曲线坐标系准三维全沙数学模型

为了定量地预测规划河道特别是规划河堰附近的河床冲淤情况,做好拦河堰与河道的规划工作,建立了一个能考虑各泥沙粒径组的级配、流线曲率与流路曲率的差异以及能同时对推移质与悬移质泥沙进行计算的正交曲线坐标系准三维全沙数学模型.用正规划重建倒伏式拦河堰的某河的现有河道实测资料对该模型进行了验证.验证结果表明,冲淤计算结果与实测结果基本一致.以该河规划重建的倒伏式拦河堰为讨论对象,取其上下游一定的规划河道区间为计算河段,对设计洪水时的冲淤情况进行了模拟预测.预测结果表明:该模型的水位计算结果与一维非均匀流模型的计算结果基本一致并更符合河道的地形特征,河道冲淤趋势符合河道及水流的特征;规划堰上下游附近的河床冲刷量最大为3.0 m,整个计算河段的冲淤量也在-3.0~3.0 m范围内.可见,规划河道具有较好的稳定性,规划堰的选址是比较合适的.     

葛洲坝水利枢纽下游近坝段二维水沙数值模拟

针对长江中游葛洲坝水利枢纽下游近坝段卵石夹沙河床级配分布宽等特点,应用非均匀悬沙、底沙二维数学模型,考虑底沙的不平衡输移及冲淤过程中床沙的级配调整问题,对计算中的关键环节如卵石夹沙河床水流的有效挟沙能力、非均匀沙起动概率及非均匀沙推移质输沙率的计算提出了处理方法,利用水文、泥沙及河床变形资料对该方法进行了葛洲坝水利枢纽运行后、1998年洪水前后及三峡工程运行后水面线、流速分布及冲淤过程的验证.结果表明,该方法可以应用于三峡工程运行初期河床演变预测研究.