Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science

The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally.     

A Critical Review of "Rethinking Task-Based Language Learning:what we can learn from the learners"

This paper will critically review an academic article titled "Rethinking task-based language learning: what we can learn from the learners" which was written by Assia Slimani-Rolls from European Business School London and published in Language Teaching Research 9,2 (2005). On one hand, there is of no denying that the article has the significance in carrying out the study--- it arouses people's attention to learner idiosyncrasy and learner perception of tasks while other most researchers just pointed out the importance and necessity of task-based teaching and advocated the effectiveness of CAs. On the other hand, there are still some problems existing in the study, from the research design to its analysis. The author will analyze them one by one and give her own understanding along with it.     

有效开发教学资源,合理配置是关键——浅谈我校多媒体教室设备合理配置问题

随着教育改革的不断深入,利用多媒体手段进行教学、科研已是大势所趋。然而,如何充分挖掘和开发多媒体教室设备的各项功能,最大限度的发挥多媒体教室使用效率,以满足教学的最大需要,是一个普遍问题。因此,结合我校的实际情况,探讨我校多媒体教室设备配置问题,使多媒体设备更趋于完善,从而提高使用效率和教学效果。     

论委托理财保底条款之效力

委托理财是目前金融市场上较为普遍的一种金融现象,受托方为吸引资金往往在委托理财合同中设定保底条款。但是我国的法律和行政法规中未明确规定有关保底条款的效力,理论界对此存在不同的看法。立法不应一概否认保底条款之效力,而应在对保底收益率予以限制的前提下有条件地承认保底条款的效力。     

将竞争意识引入英语课堂中的尝试

Examining teaching effect requires the teacher to find an efficient means for inspecting the results from both teaching and learning,and consciousness of competition can be put into English class.If you want to have a try,some effect will be achieved.     

简析南京临时政府的政权形态

鍗椾含涓存椂鏀垮簻鍦ㄤ腑鍥界涓€娆″缓鏋勪簡姘戜富鍏卞拰鍒跺害,瀵硅タ鏂规皯涓诲叡鍜屽埗搴﹀湪涓浗鐨勮瘯琛屼綔浜嗘湁鐩婄殑鎺㈢储,浣嗗叾鏀挎潈褰㈡€佸苟涓嶅畬澶?鎬荤粺鏉冨姏杩囧ぇ,鍙傝闄㈡病鏈夊脊鍔炬潈,鍙告硶鏉冧篃灏氶』寤虹珛涓庣嫭绔?鍦ㄥ疄闄呰繍琛屼笂,鏀垮簻涓庡弬璁櫌鏈兘浜掔浉鍗忚皟,浠ユ敹鎸囪噦涔嬫晥,琛屾斂鏉冩姂鍘嬬珛娉曟潈,鑰屽弬璁憳鍒?鐙冧簬涓夋潈鍒嗙珛涔嬭,濂芥寔寮傝",鏉熺細鐫€鏀垮簻鐨勮繍琛?     

特殊防卫权若干问题探析

特殊防卫权是正当防卫权的一种特殊形式，两者之间具有包容关系。特殊防卫权除具有正当防卫权应有的基本特点外，还有其独具的特点。通过对特殊防卫权若干问题的研究，可以确定实行特殊防卫权的范围，对于确保公民防卫权的正确实施并防止防卫权的滥用具有重要意义。     

从叙述学视野剖析《等待野蛮人》

库切是当代世界文坛上一位对文学创作有着独到感悟和见解的小说家。在其最具争议的《等待野蛮人》中，他寓言般的写作方式不是直接诉诸说教，使得读者可以将其放在不同的语境下加以解读。结合叙事学理论，探讨叙事视角，叙事聚焦，叙事语气如何推动对此小说主题的理解。     

Preface

Different from traditional tax audit, supervision with self-audit is a combination of audit by the taxpayer himself and audit by the tax authority. This paper mainly studies a taxpayer’s optimal policy of tax evasion under supervision with self-audit and its related properties, in order to deduce some effective suggestions and theoretical bases to restrain tax evasion. Assuming that only a certain proportion of evaded tax can be discovered when the audit is executed, the authors first formulate a static model with self-audit. This model is divided into two stages. At the first stage, taxpayers declare their taxes, then the tax authority chooses audit objects, based on a known probability, and announces the result; if the taxpayer is chosen, he will enter the second stage, during which he has a chance to pay the evaded tax and the corresponding late fees and then is audited by the tax authority. The authors show the existence and uniqueness of the optimal amount of tax evasion at the first stage and the optimal proportion to self-expose at the second stage. The authors also discuss the related properties of the interior solution, and do elasticity analyses on some parameters. Besides, the authors extend the static model into the corresponding two-period model, and study the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the extended model. Finally, under the assumption that tax evasion can only be discovered with a certain probability when the audit is executed, the authors formulate another static model with self-audit and investigate its properties. This research is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 60674082, 70221001, and 70731003.     

日本人的“ラち”、“そと”意识与日语的时态转换

从日本人的“ラち”、“そと”意识角度出发，通过对川端康成、志贺直哉的几部小说进行分析统计，探讨日语在描写过去的事件中，插入“内时态‘る’形”的条件和原因。分析发现当作者为了使作品更生动，或是作者与作品中人物产生“同感”时，或是表达作者的主观思想、评论时，往往发生时态的转换。