1826-1857年大俄罗斯诸省农民运动的特点

农民运动是封建社会阶级矛盾激化的必然反映。由于特殊的经济结构和政治背景，致使1861年改革前俄罗斯的农民运动具有诸多特点：农民运动形式多样化、农民运动多发生在中小领地、农民运动积极参与者年轻化、农民运动具有自发性。     

一类Sparre Andersen风险模型的破产前盈余及相关问题

在索赔时间间隔为广义Erlang(n)分布的Sparre Andersen风险模型中,文章给出了破产前最大盈余的分布所满足的积分-微分方程及其边界条件。     

矿区铁路南线运输组织方案研究

通过对成庄方向现有能力与需要能力进行对比,提出解决南线运量的运输方案;对实施方案所要求的技术问题提出具体措施,并对方案实施效果进行了预测。     

主要发达国家民事诉讼答辩制度考察与评析

本文考察和评价了主要发达国家民事诉讼审前程序中的民事答辩制度,分析了民事答辩制度的法理基础及制度不健全引发的诸多弊端,在民事诉讼的程序公正和诉讼效益目标的指引下,归纳出了构建相对完善的民事答辩制度的几个要点。     

东海南部暗鳍兔头鲀渔场环境因子初探

根据舟山海洋渔业公司近3年在东海南部暗鳍兔头鲀钓作业记载的日志和生产统计资料,初步分析了东海南部暗鳍兔头鲀渔场的环境因子,结果表明:暗鳍兔头鲀渔场的变动和渔获量与水温环境因子的关系较为密切.当水温在17～23℃时,暗鳍兔头鲀渔获量随着温度的升高大致增加;当水温高于23℃时,暗鳍兔头鲀渔获量随着温度的升高反而降低;黑潮、台湾暖流、冷水团等海流的变化影响着暗鳍兔头鲀渔场范围大小及其移动,近3年渔场基本稳定在26°0'～28°30'N,122°30'～126°00'E的海域;浮游生物的分布与垂直移动影响暗鳍兔头鲀栖息集群及鲀钓渔法,暗鳍兔头鲀作业渔场的浮游生物量为25~50 mg/m3.     

练而说则优——“课前三分钟演讲”口语训练教学方法分析

依托“现代汉语”等语言课型的教学特点,开展“课前三分钟演讲”口语训练教学,用科学的言语交际的理论、模式和方法进行口才训练,既彰显重视培养口语交际能力的时代认知,又创造性地提供了口语能力训练的环境、方法等客观条件,也是对语言课实践教学的有益尝试和实验,对培养和提高大学生口语表达能力起到极大的促进作用。     

苗族向滇东南和中印半岛北部迁徙的方式与特点

苗族从贵州向滇东南和中印半岛北部的迁徙有许多鲜明的特点：既有因战乱引发的短时期内的大规模迁徙,也有因经济原因引发的零散但持续不断的迁徙;主要迁往山区和半山区,而很少迁到河谷、平坝和城镇;迁来后,有的很快实现定居,有的仍长期迁徙不定;迁徙方向主要朝向西南,但也普遍存在着从中印半岛北部向北迁入滇东南或从滇东南返回贵州的情况;迁徙中既形成了与滇东南和中印半岛北部各族大杂居的局面,也形成了许多小聚居的局面。     

Microhabitat use and feeding habits of Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi and Sazima, 1985 (Anura,Hylodidae) at a site in south‐eastern Brazil

We studied a population of Crossodactylus bokermanni in a stream at the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural, Santuário do Caraça, south‐eastern Brazil, with respect to microhabitat use and diet. We characterized microhabitats based on substrate, distance to water and exposure level of the occupying individual (exposed or sheltered), and adjacent aquatic microhabitats (evaluated as potential nesting sites based on observed nests), according to water current (absent, slow or fast), substrate and depth. Calling males, silent males, ovigerous females, non‐ovigerous females and juveniles showed spatial niche overlap higher than that expected by chance, with calling males showing the strongest preference for microhabitats close to potential nesting sites (with intermediate depths, fast current and sandy bottom). Only 14 males out of 48 individuals examined for stomach contents had prey in their stomachs. The food items with the highest electivity values were Coleoptera and Diptera, but preys with both high and low mobility were exploited.     

豫南杉木萌芽林生长规律的研究

通过定点试验观测和典型抽样调查,研究了豫南杉木萌芽林生长发育规律.结果表明:杉木萌芽率随伐桩直径增加而下降,平均萌芽率可达90%以上;萌芽林生长与立地条件和原杉木生长情况有关,山区和丘陵立地条件为10立地指数以上;萌芽林生长前期快于实生林,但其树高、胸径、材积和生长过程与实生林相差不大.     

On the natural history of the South American pepper frog,Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Some species of Leptodactylus of the L. pentadactylus group lay their eggs outside water but the tadpoles need to reach water to complete the larval phase; other species complete development in terrestrial nests. Here we present details of the reproduction of L. labyrinthicus in south‐eastern Brazil. The proportion of tadpoles and trophic eggs in aged egg clutches was determined, as well as the growth of the tadpoles while in the nest. The gut contents of tadpoles that were in egg clutches of frogs were analysed. Adult males did not differ from females in size and had hypertrophied forearms and an enlarged spine on the thumb. Reproduction was initiated with the first rains of August/September and extended to mid‐January. Calling and spawning occurred at permanent or temporary water bodies. The foam nests were built in excavated basins outside of, but close to the water. The male determined the place of the basin construction; after amplexus, the female completed the excavation. The amplexus was axillary. One female spent the day after spawning in the foam. The eggs were pale grey, the yolk averaging 2.3?mm in diameter. The mean number of eggs was 2101 per egg clutch. The number of tadpoles in individual nests varied between 0.05% and 11.40% in relation to the total laid eggs. The tadpoles entered water when rains flooded the basin. The tadpoles grew to 12 times the weight of an individual egg while in the nest; no nesting tadpole was beyond stage 25. The longest time we followed tadpoles in a nest was 25 days. Tadpoles were found preying upon eggs of three other frog species and upon conspecific eggs. Males fought by grasping each other in a belly‐to‐belly position; the powerful arms and the thumb spines represent weapons. Even though males can reach maturity in the season following birth, small size would prevent them from establishing their own territory. All the species of the L. pentadactylus group may build their foam nests within excavated basins. The basins may protect the eggs and embryos from cannibalistic tadpoles and may have an anti‐desiccation effect. In order to produce trophic eggs, the female may delay laying additional unfertilized eggs until after the male has abandoned the foam nest. Anuran eggs represent an important food item for tadpoles after they leave the nest.