新疆石河子市蘑菇湖混合污水污染土壤中原生动物的群落特征

采用“非浸没培养皿法”培养,对新疆石河子市蘑菇湖混合污水污染土壤及对照土壤中原生动物的群落进行了比较.共记录了43种土壤原生动物,6种共有种,污染土壤中原生动物相对数量少.群落相似性分析表明,污染土壤与对照土壤中原生动物群落结构极不相似,混合污水污染导致土壤原生动物群落结构发生较大变化.     

软土路基微结构扫描电镜图像的分形

根据分形模型的构造方法,提出了用于描述软土孔隙变化的孔隙度分维、孔隙分布分维和孔隙边缘形状分维,并以珠江三角洲地区某高速公路软土路基加固为例,用分形维数对土体扫描电镜(SEM)图像进行分析。研究发现,加固后3种分形维数均有不同程度降低,表明加固后孔隙的分布面积减小,结构单元体之间排列紧密,孔隙尺寸分布趋于均匀,孔隙边缘形状变得规整光滑。结果表明,软土中孔隙分布及形状具有分形特征,不同的分形维数,可以从不同角度反映土体的加固效果及力学特性变化。     

粘土分散性的判别试验

针对分散性粘土遇水分散流失的不良性质，应用碎块、针孔、双比重计、孔隙水可溶盐和交换性钠质量分数5种试验方法，研究了西安市黑河水利枢纽工程粘土心墙土料的分散性。研究认为，土料大部分属于非分散性粘土，少部分属于分散性粘土，分散性粘土的蒙脱石与伊利石的质量比值较高；在采用黑河水冲蚀针孔时，分散性粘土有表现为非分散性的趋势；大坝建成后的坝体原状土样属于非分散性粘土。结果表明：蒙脱石与伊利石的质量比值是判别粘土分散性的重要指标，水质对土的分散性具有显著影响；分散性粘土与非分散性粘土合理混合使用可降低粘土的分散性，满足工程要求。     

黄土丘陵区乡村聚落土壤水蚀观测研究

基于区域地貌差异,采用定点观测与综合分析方法,对布设在榆林、延安两市的3个观测小区的户间道路、户间空地、庭院进行了水蚀定位观测分析.结果显示,研究区乡村聚落的平均侵蚀强度为2722.2 t/km2,尤以户间空地平均侵蚀强度最大,为4380.9 t/km2.延安市宝塔区乡村聚落平均侵蚀量最大,为5311.9 t/km2.表明黄土丘陵区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀普遍较为严重,降雨是直接驱动力,人为活动尤其是土地利用方式影响也很明显,应加强研究,积极防治.     

内蒙古荒漠草原土壤微生物的分布特征及季节动态变化研究

研究了内蒙古荒漠草原土壤中主要微生物类群的数量随季节变化的规律，以及土壤中微生物的垂直分布特征．结果表明，土壤中3大类群微生物的数量关系为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌，各类群微生物的垂直分布均为0～10cm层多于10-20cm层．细菌、真菌、自生固氮菌以及微生物总数量的峰值出现在春季，而放线菌数量的峰值出现在秋季．     

火山灰沉积地区钻孔泥浆性能试验

水敏性火山灰沉积岩具有很强的吸水性和膨胀性,遇水后迅速软化崩解,钻孔施工时使用普通泥浆很难成孔。通过分析泥浆护壁性状,认为减少失水量和泥皮厚度是在水敏性土中成孔和提高桩侧摩擦阻力的关键。选取羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和纯碱(Na2CO3)作为减小失水量的添加剂,通过正交试验确定泥浆的最佳质量配比为:淡水∶膨润土∶CMC∶纯碱=100∶8∶0.1∶0.04。试验结果表明:膨润土质量分数越大,泥皮越厚,护壁效果越好,对桩侧摩擦阻力的消弱越大;CMC和纯碱对减少失水量和泥皮厚度效果明显;海水入浸会增加泥浆的失水量,造成泥浆恶化;铬铁木质素磺酸钠盐(FCL)对因海水入浸而恶化的泥浆改善效果不明显。     

氮磷钾配施对土壤氮素累积及烤烟产量品质的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同氮磷钾配施对NH4^＋-N和NO2^- —N在植烟土壤中累积及烤烟产量品质的影响．结果表明：在烤烟团棵期，合理的氮磷钾配施能较大幅度提高0～20cm土层NH4^＋ -N和NO3^- —N的含量，对NH4^＋ -N和NO3^- —N含量的影响随着土层的加深而减弱．不同氮磷钾配施对烤烟产量和品质有较大的影响，重庆市植烟区氮磷钾适宜的比例为1：1．6：2．5，即施用N肥105．45kg／hm^2，P肥168．72kg／hm^2，K肥263．63kg／hm^2烟叶产量最高．     

Validation of three infiltration models on purple soil under simulated rainfall

So as to find models suitable for the prediction of water infiltration in purple soil,infiltration rates simulated by three popular empirical infiltration models,Horton model,Kostiakov model,and the modified Kostiakov model,were compared by using those observed results on slope in purple soil under rainfall simulation.28 sets of infiltration data were divided into two parts for parameter estimation and validation independently.The performance of the three infiltration models was evaluated with the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion.The results show that the percent for Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0.7 is about 69.7% for the Horton model,and 48.48%,and 54.55% for the Kostiakov model and the modified Kostiakov model,respectively.Horton model is better than Kostiakov model and the modified Kostiakov model in most rain events in the field.However,Kostiakov model is still suitable for reasonable prediction of the infiltration in purple soil sloping farmland because fewer parameters are needed.Furthermore,rainfall intensity has significant effects on the parameter values used in the simulation models.The simulation results can be improved by choosing suitable parameters according to the rainfall intensity.     

植物对土壤重金属污染修复的研究进展

对植物提取、植物钝化和植物挥发等植物修复技术类型及植物修复机理,包括植物本身分泌特殊物质来螯合溶解难溶性金属;通过某些微生物或微生物与植物的共生体促进植物对重金属的吸收;通过一些土壤改良措施如螯合剂、酸性肥料等的施用增加重金属的有效性,从而提高植物对重金属的提取效率等做了简要论述。分析了目前该研究领域存在的主要问题,以期为修复重金属污染土壤的研究和实践提供参考。     

Microbial communities in microcosm soils treated with battery waste

Battery waste is one of the most destructive hazards to our environment,especially to the soil.In order to understand the effects of the battery waste on the microbial communities in soil,microcosm soils were treated with the powder made from the battery waste.Microbial biomass and respiration were measured after 15,30,45,and 60 days of the treatment,and catabolic capability and Bi- olog profile were determined after 60 days.Microbial biomass was declined by all treatments,while microbial respiration and catabolic ca- pability were enhanced.Although microbial biomass recovered after a period of incubation,microbial respiratory quotient,catabolic capa- bility and community structure remained significantly affected.Our results also suggest that microbial respiratory quotient and Biolog pa- rameters are more sensitive than microbial biomass to the battery stress on bioavailability.