抗蚜威在不同类型土壤中的残留消解动态研究

通过气相色谱法测定抗蚜威在不同类型土壤中的残留消解动态,结果表明:抗蚜威在灰钙土、灌漠土和黑垆土中施药6～7 d后的消失率达到90%以上,其消解方程分别为Ct=5.2575e-0.3905t、Ct=6.9821e-0.3289t、Ct=4.5910e-0.3919t.半衰期为T1.7～2.1 d,在土壤中的残留量随着时间延长而递减,符合一级反应动力学方程.抗蚜威属于易降解氨基甲酸酯类农药,施用后不会对土壤和环境造成污染.     

催化极谱法测定土壤中的痕量镉

采用单扫描极谱法测定土壤中镉含量,确立了1%碘化钾-1.5%酒石酸钾钠-2%三乙醇胺-0.6%盐酸-9%磷酸测定体系.在此测定体系中,镉在滴汞电极上于-0.71V(相对饱和甘汞电极)处产生一灵敏催化极谱波,镉浓度在0.2ng/ml～1μg/ml范围内与极谱峰电流有良好线性关系,检出限为0.1ng/ml.该方法用于土壤样品测定的RSD为0.6%～9.5%,加标回收率为90%～110%.该方法操作简便,用于土壤样品测定的结果满意.     

The contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 efflux in Puccinellia tenuiflora dominated community in a semi-arid meadow steppe

Rising atmospheric CO2 and temperature are altering ecosystem carbon cycling. Grasslands play an important role in regional climate change and global carbon cycle. Below-ground processes play a key role in the grassland carbon cycle because they regulate …     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of distribution patterns of microorganism relating to biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

Biological soil crusts serve as an important biological factor contributing to the sand fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of microorganism in crusts relating to locations, soil layers of sand dunes and seasons. At moss-dominated inter-dune areas, higher soil nutrient and water concentrations were likely to maintain the microbial activities. Bacteria showed the highest capabilities of settlement and growth in inter-dunes in both spring and autumn. Soil water content reached the highest value in soil crusts in the inter-dune areas, especially in spring. Variations of quantities of actinomyces and fungi basically showed the consistent trend in different locations of sand dunes. With the deepening of soil layers, vertical distribution of quantities of each microorganism group showed different characteristics because environmental factors fluctuated in both spring and autumn. Among different microorganism groups, bacteria were predominant, actinomyces the next and fungi the least in both spring and autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. The proportion of bacteria and soil water content were higher in spring than those in autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. No consistent trends were found in actinomyces and fungi. The results showed that the quantities of microorganisms were significantly positive correlated with organic matter content, soil water content, total N, total P, available P, available K, pH, electrical conductivity, total salt content,catalase, urease, phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.     

非生长季节保水措施对生长季节土壤水分的影响

研究了农田非生长季节施用保水剂、秸秆覆盖和施用有机肥等不同保水措施对生长季节土壤水分的影响.结果表明:对于不同深度的土层,各种保水措施都是行之有效的,其中采用保水剂的三个处理都有较好的效果,落叶和秸秆覆盖在保持土壤水分方面的作用弱于其他处理.     

太湖地区稻田氮素平衡及其环境效应的研究

应用15N微区试验对氮肥在水稻不同生长期的去向进行研究,结果表明,水稻对氮肥的吸收利用随着作物生长的进行而逐渐提高,氮肥的损失和土壤的残留则逐渐下降。土壤残留的肥料氮主要集中在0～20cm的耕层土壤中,占全部土壤残留肥料氮的85%以上。氮肥的总损失在30.4%～54.4%之间,其中氨挥发损失为25.4%～33.3%,为稻田氮素的最主要损失途径。     

结构性扰动土一维固结行为的定量分析

基于软土结构性分析,提出一个扰动度的概念,建立扰动度与再压缩指数、压缩指数、次固结系数和表观前期固结压力等土工参数之间的定量关系,并将此关系用于结构性软土一维弹粘塑性固结分析中,说明压缩曲线各段对固结过程不同阶段的影响,以及在沉降预测中,室内试验的土工参数校正和考虑粘滞性效应的重要性.     

黄土高原城市化过程对水土保持的影响

应用系统分析的方法研究了黄土高原城市化的发展趋势和由此带来的城市水土流失的新形式和其危害．提出在黄土高原城市规划和建设中，要积极应对城市化过程造成城市规模的扩大，在城市建设中要建成新的城市功能和体系，要将生活污水、工业污水和排沙分为3大系统，设立环城防护林带，兴建城市不同的功能区，并要完善城市水土保持执法体系，以法规制度来监管防治城市的水土流失．     

土壤冻结温度测定试验研究

在研究越冬期土壤的水热耦合运移规律时，通常需要同步测定土壤冻结深度，为了分析冻融期土壤剖面的冻结情况，我们在室内对3种土质的土壤进行了土壤冰点测试实验，测定了土壤冻结的时间过程及不同含水率、含盐量条件下的3种土质的冻结温度(冰点)。分析了土壤冻结温度随土壤含水量及含盐量的变化规律，为确定试验区越冬期土壤冻融状况提供了依据。     

工程深基坑土钉支护设计与施工

通过广州市某工程的基坑支护实例,介绍了采用土钉支护基坑的设计与施工的要点及注意事项。该基坑支护方法实用经济有效。