基于时窗复杂度序列的睡眠脑电分析

运用时窗复杂度序列来分析睡眠脑电,减少了非平稳性及状态空间的不均匀性造成的脑状态信息的丢失,在一定程度上克服了复杂度的自身的局限,有助于不同睡眠期状态特征的提取.另外本文采用ICA、小波变换等方法对脑电进行预处理,实验表明它们能有效地去除脑电中的一些生理干扰,有利于提高复杂度算法在睡眠分期应用中的精确度.     

Chitotriosidase: the yin and yang

The enzyme chitotriosidase (ChT), the human analogue of chitinases from non-vertebrate species, is one of the most abundant and indicative proteins secreted by activated macrophages. Its enzymatic activity is elevated in serum of patients suffering from Gaucher’s disease type 1 and in some other inherited lysosomal storage disorders, as well as in diseases in which macrophages are activated. The last decade has witnessed the appearance of a substantial number of studies attempting to unravel its cellular functions, which have yet not been fully defined. A great deal of progress has been made in the study of the physiological roles of ChT. This review is looks at the key areas of investigations addressed to further illuminate whether ChT activation might have different functional meanings in various diseases. Received 7 June 2006; received after revision 24 July 2006; accepted 21 September 2006     

Sleep and sleep disturbances: biological basis and clinical implications

Sleep is a neurochemical process involving sleep promoting and arousal centers in the brain. Sleep performs an essential restorative function and facilitates memory consolidation in humans. The remarkably standardized bouts of consolidated sleep at night and daytime wakefulness reflect an interaction between the homeostatic sleep need that is manifested by increase in sleep propensity after sleep deprivation and decrease during sleep and the circadian pacemaker. Melatonin, the hormone produced nocturnally by the pineal gland, serves as a time cue and sleep-anticipating signal. A close interaction exists between the sleep-wake, melatonin, core temperature, blood pressure, immune and hormonal rhythms leading to optimization of the internal temporal order. With age the robustness of the circadian system decreases and the prevalence of sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, increases. Deviant sleep patterns are associated with increased risks of morbidity, poor quality of life and mortality. Current sleep pharmacotherapies treat insufficient sleep quantity, but fail to improve daytime functioning. New treatment modalities for sleep disorders that will also improve daytime functioning remain a scientific and medical challenge.     

Technologies of sleep research

Sleep is investigated in many different ways, many different species and under many different circumstances. Modern sleep research is a multidisciplinary venture. Therefore, this review cannot give a complete overview of all techniques used in sleep research and sleep medicine. What it will try to do is to give an overview of widely applied techniques and exciting new developments. Electroencephalography has been the backbone of sleep research and sleep medicine since its first application in the 1930s. The electroencephalogram is still used but now combined with many different techniques monitoring body and brain temperature, changes in brain and blood chemistry, or changes in brain functioning. Animal research has been very important for progress in sleep research and sleep medicine. It provides opportunities to investigate the sleeping brain in ways not possible in healthy volunteers. Progress in genomics has brought new insights in sleep regulation, the best example being the discovery of hypocretin/orexin deficiency as the cause of narcolepsy. Gene manipulation holds great promise for the future since it is possible not only to investigate the functions of different genes under normal conditions, but also to mimic human pathology in much greater detail.     

Prion: the chameleon protein

From Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to variant CJD through Gerstmann-Str?ussler-Scheinker syndrome, kuru and fatal familial insomnia, the journey leading to current understanding of the basic aspects of human prion diseases has been full of unexpected, but often dramatic and always fascinating twists. Recent progress in modeling prion diseases and characterization of the various prion protein forms reveal that such a wide spectrum of the diseases is associated with the chameleon-like conformational features of prions.     

Oncogenic mechanisms in myeloproliferative disorders

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are clonal haematopoietic malignancies involving the abnormal proliferation of myeloid lineages. The World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of haematopoietic malignancies distinguishes MPDs from myelodysplastic/ myeloproliferative disorders and systemic mastocytosis. These malignancies frequently involve constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, resulting from either oncogenic fusion protein production or from point mutations. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia is the model used for studies of the consequences of such molecular defects. However, the heterogeneity of the clinical course of MPDs should be seen in a more rationale conceptual framework, including the many molecular events associated with these diseases. This review focuses on the various tyrosine kinase-related molecular mechanisms underlying both MPDs and rare diseases with myeloproliferative features. We pay particular attention to the newly identified JAK2 V617F mutation in polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis and deal with disease heterogeneity and putative additional molecular mechanisms. Received 9 June 2006; received after revision 28 July 2006; accepted 11 September 2006     

物理疗法干预睡眠障碍研究进展

物理疗法是干预睡眠、提高人群睡眠质量的重要手段。对物理因子中光、声、温度、振动、电磁场、压力刺激手段来改善睡眠的办法进行了综述：总结了各物理因子手段改善睡眠的效应和机制,介绍了基于物理因子治疗睡眠疾病的国内外研究进展和相关物理治疗仪器、设备。为制定科学合理的睡眠障碍物理疗治方案提供理论依据。     

Shivering during sleep: Relationship between muscle blood flow and fiber type composition

The present study considers in rabbit: i) the relationship between muscle blood flow (BF) increase and fiber-type composition during shivering; ii) the influence of the vigilance states (Quiet Wakefulness, QW; Synchronized Sleep, SS; Desynchronized Sleep, DS) on this relationship. The results show that muscle BF increase during shivering is proportional to the slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fiber component in QW and SS; in DS the proportionality is lost. This is in accordance with the disappearance of shivering, together with all thermoregulatory effector responses, in this sleep state. Another muscle circulation pattern occurring at low ambient temperature, the relationship between BF increase and muscle depth, also disappears in DS. This confirms that the integrative control of muscle circulation, like other integrative mechanisms, is impaired during DS.     

AMPA receptors: potential implications in development and disease

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptors are one type of ionotropic glutamate receptor involved in rapid excitatory synaptic transmission. AMPA receptors have been increasingly implicated in long-term potentiation, and recent evidence suggests that they may play a role in disorders affecting the nervous system. The finding that early in postnatal development AMPA receptors are not expressed has lately been the focus of much attention. Resolving the factors involved in AMPA receptor expression suggests that their induction is a developmentally regulated process with the possibility that alterations in receptor expression may be correlated with pathology in neurological disorders. This paper provides an overview of factors involved in AMPA receptor induction as well as of their role in plasticity and neuronal pathologies. Received 5 December 2000; received after revision 12 January 2001; accepted 2 February 2001