Revealing the mechanism of high loading capacity of the horse in leg structure

To reveal the mechanism of high loading capacity, the characteristics of the mammalian leg skeletal structure are analyzed, and the horse is chosen as a typical example. The supporting situations of horse standing are presented, including the symmetrical case and the unsym-metrical one. According to the results of animal anatomy, the skeletal structures of the forelimb and the hind limb are appropriately simplified to plane open-chain five-link mechanisms. The force analyses of the five-link mechanisms are presented to explore the variations of joint moments in two aspects： changing the direction of the ground reaction force and changing the posture of the leg. It is concluded that the dead-point supporting effect of the leg skeletal structure help improve the high loading capacity. It means that horses bear loads mainly by bones rather than muscles. Hence horses could carry high loads with little energy consumption of leg muscles.     

虚拟注射机系统的设计与开发

研究了一种基于虚拟现实技术的注射机仿真系统,该系统采用OpenGL建立图形控制平台,分别构造了基础数据库、场景库、显示驱动库和动画库等模块,并通过配备虚拟现实外设来实现立体三维效果;采用骨骼动画技术来实现注射机的动作仿真,完成了基于MS3D格式的骨骼动画制作流程和显示程序;以树状形式组织注射机的各个部件,并通过逻辑控制来实现注射过程的顺序动作．系统设计与实现中将操作面板、逻辑控制器、模型控制器和图形平台分为相对独立的模块,具有很好的扩展性,可广泛应用于操作培训、产品展示、远程维护等多个方面．     

低氧训练对大鼠骨骼肌HIF 1α基因表达的影响

探讨不同低氧训练模式对机体骨骼肌HIF 1α mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达的影响。6周龄SD雄性大鼠120只,经3周适应性训练和力竭实验筛选出90只,随机分成9组：常氧安静对照组、持续低氧安静组、间歇低氧安静组、低住低练耐力组、高住高练耐力组、高住低练耐力组、低住高练耐力组、高住高练后复氧训练组和高住低练后复氧训练组。采用常压低氧仓在13.6%的氧体积分数下（相当于海拔3?500?m的氧体积分数）进行低氧训练,根据血乳酸-速度曲线确定大鼠常氧训练的强度为35?m/min,低氧训练的强度为30?m/min。低氧训练持续时间为6周,每周训练5?d。其中,在第4周末进行运动能力测试,第5周末进行力竭测试,在第6周末的最后一次运动后休息48?h后处死,取材。采用实时荧光定量PCR、免疫组化、Western blot等技术测试大鼠骨骼肌HIF 1α mRNA水平和蛋白水平表达水平的变化,以进一步探讨低氧训练对骨骼肌HIF 1α表达的适应机制。结果显示,与低住低练组相比,高住高练组和高住低练骨骼肌HIF 1αmRNA表达有显著性升高(P＜0.05);和常氧安静对照组相比,高住高练骨骼肌HIF 1αmRNA表达升高105%,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);高住高练后复氧训练1周,大鼠骨骼肌HIF 1αmRNA表达有非常显著性降低(P＜0.01),回到常氧安静对照组水平; 高住低练后复氧训练1周,大鼠骨骼肌HIF 1αmRNA表达有显著性降低(P＜0.05),回到常氧安静对照组水平。可得结论：高住高练、高住低练和持续低氧安静组骨骼肌HIF 1α表达都明显增强,而低住低练和低住高练变化不大,复氧训练后回到常氧安静水平。HIF 1α表达与低氧的程度和时间有明显的依存关系。     

Hyaluronan synthesis and degradation in cartilage and bone

Hyaluronan (HA) is a large but simple glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating D-glucuronic acid, β1–3 linked to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine β1–4, found in body fluids and tissues, in both intra- and extracellular compartments. Despite its structural simplicity, HA has diverse functions in skeletal biology. In development, HA-rich matrices facilitate migration and condensation of mesenchymal cells, and HA participates in joint cavity formation and longitudinal bone growth. In adult cartilage, HA binding to aggrecan immobilises aggrecan, retaining it at the high concentrations required for compressive resilience. HA also appears to regulate bone remodelling by controlling osteoclast, osteoblast and osteocyte behaviour. The functions of HA depend on its intrinsic properties, which in turn rely on the degree of polymerisation by HA synthases, depolymerisation by hyaluronidases, and interactions with HA-binding proteins. HA synthesis and degradation are closely regulated in skeletal tissues and aberrant synthetic or degradative activity causes disease. The role and regulation of HA synthesis and degradation in cartilage, bone and skeletal development is discussed. Received 5 August 2007; received after revision 19 September 2007; accepted 20 September 2007     

鲮鱼肌肉加热变形规律的研究

研究了鲮鱼肌肉组织在75,85,95 ℃加热条件下受热变形的情况.研究结果表明:加热中肌肉试样的长度方向收缩,最大的收缩率约25%;厚度方向增加,最大的膨胀率约30%;而宽度方向的膨胀,则出现先高后低的现象,峰值可达到18%.这些变化随加热温度的升高而加剧,在宽度方向上的变化与试样的失水率变化关系密切.     

微量元素铬、硒对骨骼肌结构及功能影响的研究进展

铬、硒是机体必需的微量元素,对机体运动能力的影响也日益引起运动医学界的关注.铬在机体糖、脂代谢过程中发挥着重要作用,并且对骨骼肌形态结构及机体的运动能力具有一定的调节作用,铬元素缺乏对骨骼肌的形态结构、肌力以及功能都会产生负面影响.硒是一种良好的抗氧化剂,对由运动引起的脂质过氧化产物及自由基具有良好的清除作用,同时,硒对骨骼肌废用性萎缩的恢复以及由运动引起的骨骼肌细胞凋亡的预防与恢复也具有一定作用.阐述了铬、硒对骨骼肌形态结构及功能的作用,并探讨了铬、硒缺乏对骨骼肌超微结构和生理功能的影响.     

Ancestrular morphology in cyclostome bryozoans and the quest for phylogenetically informative skeletal characters

Cyclostomes are an ancient order of bryozoans with more than 500 living species. Traditionally, cyclostome taxonomy has depended almost entirely on characters of the calcareous skeletons of mature colonies. However, the taxonomic distribution of these characters is largely incongruent with well-supported molecular phylogenetic trees, implying the need for major revisions if cyclostome taxonomy is to reflect phylogeny. While far more taxa must be sequenced to ascertain their molecular relationships, there is also a need to discover morphological characters that can be used to support molecular clades, not least to allow these clades to be inferred among fossil cyclostomes for which molecular data will never be available. Here we survey the skeletal morphology of the first-formed part of the skeleton – the protoecium of the founding zooid (ancestrula) – in a variety of Recent and well-preserved fossil cyclostomes, motivated by the recent discovery of a morphologically disparate molecular clade that can be distinguished by protoecial characters. The distribution of pseudopores on the protoecium is shown to vary between species, with eight patterns recognizable, offering a new source of skeletal characters in both living and fossil taxa. However, the patterns seem not to be fully congruent with the cyclostome molecular tree and more data and analyses are required before these patterns can be used to recognize cyclostome clades.     

注射用头孢呋辛钠他唑巴坦钠制剂安全性研究

为考察注射用头孢呋辛钠他唑巴坦钠(4∶1)制剂的安全性,分别进行豚鼠全身过敏性、家兔局部刺激性和家兔红细胞溶血性试验.结果显示,动物给药后未见明显溶血反应,家兔耳缘静脉和股四头肌未见明显刺激反应,豚鼠也无全身过敏反应.表明本品符合肌肉和静脉注射用药安全性要求.     

胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形的产前超声诊断

目的:探讨产前超声诊断胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析32例胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形的超声声像图特点,与产后或引产后X线检查或尸检结果对照。结果:产前超声诊断32例胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形与产后及引产后X线检查或尸检结果完全相符,其中致死性侏儒畸形6例,四肢短小畸形4例,肢体屈曲畸形2例,双侧上肢尺桡骨缺如畸形1例,一侧上肢桡骨缺如畸形1例,上肢缺如畸形2例,下肢缺如畸形3例,手足多指(趾)畸形2例,足缺(趾)畸形1例,马蹄内翻足畸形9例,人体鱼序列征1例。结论:产前超声检查诊断胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形准确率高,且安全、无创、无辐射、可重复检查,是产前诊断胎儿四肢骨骼系统发育畸形的有效方法。     

眼球外肌结构和功能特性的研究进展

眼球外肌是维持眼球正常运动及形成正常视觉的关键因素，其病变表现为斜视及眼球运动障碍．笔者总结了眼球外肌的结构和功能特性，以充分认识其独有的生物力学特征，为眼球外肌疾病治疗方法的改进提供基础医学方面的依据．