等温淬火高硅铸钢的显微组织和机械性能

为开发一种新型高硅耐磨铸钢 ,采用扫描电子显微镜研究了不同等温温度下高硅铸钢的显微组织 ,对不同等温温度下高硅铸钢的抗拉强度、冲击韧性和硬度进行了系统研究。结果表明 ,高硅铸钢经等温淬火热处理后 ,在较大的温度范围 (2 4 0～ 4 0 0℃ )内都可以得到单一的由贝氏体铁素体和富碳的残余奥氏体交替排列的奥贝双相组织 (Ausferrite) ,组织中没有碳化物析出。在 2 80～ 3 60℃范围内等温 ,可以获得强度、韧性、硬度配合良好的双相组织。高硅铸钢具有优异的综合机械性能 ,同时具有良好的冷作硬化能力     

简论发展我国太阳电池及多晶硅产业

对国内外太阳能光伏发电产业的发展现状进行了评述,指出了我国光伏发展在政策、技术和应用方面存在的一些问题,并就我国太阳电池与多晶硅材料关键技术的发展提出了看法与建议。     

硅对叶螨危害后棉花防御酶活性的调控作用及其与抗虫性的关系

以棉花品种新陆早33号感染土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov ＆ Nikolski））作个案研究,阐明硅提高棉花抗螨性的生理机理。网室条件下采用微区试验设计,硅肥采用喷施和基施处理,研究不同时间棉花的虫害指数、干物质积累量和硅含量,以及与植物抗性密切相关的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PP0）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性变化。结果显示：不同施硅处理缓解了棉花叶片受叶螨危害的症状,在接种叶螨第6天硅处理降低了叶片受害指数;施硅处理提高了PPO和PAL的活性,而降低了参与清除植物体内活性氧功能的POD活性。硅能够调控棉花与抗虫有关的酚类物质代谢过程,参与植物防卫反应而增强棉花对土耳其斯坦叶螨的抗性。     

Superior machinability of steel enhanced with BN and MnS particles

The strategy that replacing part of MnS with BN was proposed in order to decrease the sulfur content in sulfur based free-cutting steel. The effects of BN and MnS inclusions on the microstructure and machinability of the steel were systematically investigated. The results show that most of the BN and MnS inclusions exist individually in the steel and only a small amount of them are in a composite state forming either isolated particles or clusters of particles. In the case of multi-phased steel, the theoretical calculation predicts that the volume of large BN particles should be 0.7 times of the volume of large MnS particles. The machinability of this type of BN and MnS alloy steel over a wide range of cutting speeds ranging from a low speed appropriate for drilling to a high speed appropriate for turning is confirmed as being equal to or superior to that of an MnS reference steel, even though the sulfur content in the composite steel is only half that of the MnS steel. The aptitude for cutting effect of 240 ppm nitrogen and 115 ppm boron in the composite steel is demonstrated to be equivalent or even better than 1000 ppm sulfur in MnS free-cutting steel.     

工艺因素对SiCp／Mg复合材料中颗粒分布的影响

对机械搅拌法制备ＳｉＣ颗粒增强镁基复合材料的工艺过程进行了探索，着重研究了搅拌温度、搅拌头位置，搅拌速率以及搅拌时间等工艺因素对复合材料中ＳｉＣ颗粒分散性的影响。形成了一种制备微细ＳｉＣ颗粒增强Ｍｇ－３Ａｌ基复合材料的工艺方法，并获得相应工艺参数。     

Isotopic compositions of small shelly fossil Anabarites from Lower Cambrian in Yangtze Platform of South China: Implications for palaeocean temperature

Anabarites belong to small shelly fossils (SSF), which occur widely in the Lower Cambrian strata of Yangtze Platform in South China. They are phosphate shell in composition and represent the earliest stage of the Cambrian bioradiation of Bilateria, the so-called “Cambrian Explosion”. In this study, we attempted to separate Anabarites fossils from Lower Cambrian dolostones, and we obtained samples of both the fossils (SSF) and the granular phosphates (GP). Isotopic analyses were performed on samples of SSF, GP, and matrix dolostone (DH-23). The results showed that the δ³⁰Si values of the quartz filling in fossils celoms, and the siliceous materials in granular phosphates are -0.6‰ and -0.7‰, which is different from normal sedimentary siliceous rocks from the Lower Cambrian strata (0—0.7‰) as reported by Li et al., but is consistent with the data for siliceous rocks and cherts of submarine hydrothermal origin. It is likely that a later hydrothermal replacement could have taken place in the SSF-bearing sedimentary rocks. The oxygen isotope values of the phosphate of SSF and GP are 16.8‰ and 17.0‰, respectively. These are significantly higher than the Neoproterozoic phosphate ores (10.9‰—13.9‰) as reported by Ling et al.， hence, late diagenesis and hydrothermal replacement may not have caused a significant change in the oxygen isotope compositions of the small shelly fossils, and the calculated temperatures (25.4—26.3℃) for palaeo-seawater using a SSF phosphate oxygen isotope thermometer are therefore considered here as the upper limit of seawater temperature in the Early Cambrian ocean of the Yangtze Platform.     

氮化物颗粒补强石英基复合材料的制备和性能研究

热压制备了氮化物颗粒补强石英基复合材料,研究了氮化物颗粒的引入对石英基复合材料力学性能、介电性能和热学性能的影响．结果说明,氮化物颗粒的引入对石英基复合材料的力学性能有显的补强增韧作用;介电损耗在指标值以内,且随测试温度变化不大;以AlN为第二相的石英基复合材料其临界热震温差在600℃左右,复合引入AlN Si3N4时复合材料的热学性能无明显改善,而复合引入AlN BN使复合材料的临界热震温差提高到1000℃．复合引入AlN BN的石英基复合材料因为有着较好的力学性能、介电性能和热学性能等综合性能而有望用作天线窗材料。     

二氧化硅气凝胶的常压制备及其特性研究

以正硅酸乙酯为原料,先采用溶胶-凝胶法制备湿凝胶,然后浸泡在反应溶液中进行老化,再利用正己烷进行溶剂交换,三甲基氯硅烷进行表面改性,最终获得轻质多孔二氧化硅气凝胶. 进一步考察了凝胶时间随乙醇和水的不同加入量和pH值的变化,利用FTIR、XRD和SEM等方法对二氧化硅气凝胶表征. 结果表明,所制备的疏水SiO2气凝胶的密度、比表面积和孔隙率分别为77～200 kg·m-3,500～750 m2g-1和85%～95%,其颗粒尺寸为50～200 nm.     

混合稀土Nd2O3和CeO2对氧化镁陶瓷硬度及抗热震性能的影响

采用轻质微米级（0.5 μm）MgO粉末为原料,Nd₂O₃、CeO₂为添加剂,聚乙烯醇为黏结剂,以242 MPa压强干压成型,常压1 550 ℃下烧结并保温2 h制得MgO陶瓷,对所得试样进行硬度、抗热震性能、显微结构及物相的测定。先探究不同添加量的单一稀土对MgO陶瓷的硬度及抗热震性能的影响,得到Nd₂O₃和CeO₂的最佳添加量ω分别为3%、8%。然后探究混合稀土Nd₂O₃和CeO₂对MgO陶瓷的性能影响,结果表明混合稀土添加总量ω为3%,Nd₂O₃与CeO₂的质量比为3∶7时,氧化镁陶瓷具有最好性能,硬度值为68 HRA,抗热震次数高达19次。     

核辐射技术及其在材料科学领域的应用

核辐射技术在材料科学领域得到了广泛的应用,利用辐射技术对无机材料、高分子材料进行改性和加工已成为一支新兴的高技术产业。综述了辐射技术在材料的改性和加工领域的应用研究进展,并详细介绍该单位在采用反应堆辐照技术研制碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷纤维、辐射交联法制备三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）密封材料、辐射接枝合成偕胺肟型螯合树脂等方面开展的工作。