虾蟹类维生素营养的研究进展

综述了维生素对虾蟹类亲体性腺成熟、胚胎发育、存活、蜕皮和生长、抗病力和免疫力、营养需要量、缺乏症和过量症的影响,并对今后虾蟹类维生素营养方面的研究提出了建议。     

同工酶在水产动物研究中的应用

综述了近年来同工酶在水产动物研究中的应用,包括个体胚胎发育过程中同工酶的变化、机体中同工酶的组织特异性,同工酶应用于种质鉴定、遗传育种、病理研究与诊断,以及同工酶的影响因素等方面,为今后的有关研究和渔业生产提供参考.     

The distribution and ecology of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in Britain

The anostracan Chirocephalus diaphanus is at the northwestern limits of its range in Britain. Its distribution, based on records made since first reported nearly three centuries ago, is mapped. Aspects of its ecology and behaviour that have a bearing on its requirements, and therefore on the pattern of its distribution, are noted. It is an almost defenceless, opportunistic species, largely confined to temporary pools where it avoids predators. It occurs in those regions of Britain where a high winter water table is followed by a dry spring and early summer, and is essentially confined to the zone in which there is a deficit between precipitation and evapotranspiration during the six months April to September. Such conditions prevail in the south and southeast. Cooler, wetter, northern and western parts, with their more frequent rain-days and cloud cover, do not favour the formation of suitable temporary pools. The eurythermous nature of C. diaphanus, its ability to remain active at low temperatures, and its tolerance of a wide range of other conditions, enable it to exploit, and to reach maturity in, temporary pools before such predators as can colonize them have had the opportunity to do so. Dispersal and survival during ensuing periods of drought are effected by drought-resistant resting eggs. Possible genetic, reproductive and ecological constraints relevant to events that take place towards the edge of its range are noted.     

Abundance and ecologic distribution of the shrimp Rimapenaeus constrictus (Crustacea: Penaeidae) on the northern coast of São Paulo State,Brazil

The abundance and ecologic distribution of the shrimp R. constrictus were compared among three different embayments within the northern coast of São Paulo State (23°S, 45°W); i.e. Mar Virado (MV), Ubatuba (UBA) and Ubatumirim (UBM). Key environmental factors were monitored for a better understanding of the distributional patterns of this species, namely temperature, salinity, depth, organic matter content and texture of sediments. In each bay, six transects were delimited, four parallel to the coastline and the other two in areas adjacent to rocky shores. Monthly samples were taken over a 2-year period (1998 and 1999), using a shrimp fishing boat equipped with double-rig nets. Abundance data were treated separately according to environmental characteristics. A total of 4978 specimens was obtained; 921 at MV, 1948 at UBA and 2109 at UBM. The spatial distribution of R. constrictus differed among bays. Higher abundance values were recorded at areas where silt and clay comprised less than 70% of the sediment. A more diversified sediment at UBM and UBA apparently favours the establishment of this species in the region. Its abundance also followed a seasonal trend, higher during spring and summer when intrusions of cold South Atlantic Coastal Waters (SACW) are frequent, promoting the migration of this shrimp to more sheltered areas. These results suggest that sediment type and temperature are the most important variables affecting the spatial and seasonal distribution of this species.     

雪虾壳为原料的壳聚糖制备与表征

以废弃的雪虾壳为原料,采用化学法制备壳聚糖.通过正交实验对两种不同脱钙剂条件下的制备过程进行优化,分别测定产物的产率、粘度、粘均分子量和脱乙酰度.分析结果表明:除产率略高外,以硝酸为脱钙剂的制备条件各指标均略低于以盐酸为脱钙剂的制备条件.最后,采用红外光谱法、热重法和差示扫描热重法对产物进行结构表征.     

水浊度和提热量对太阳池盐梯度层稳定性综合影响

研究了太阳池非对流层在温度梯度作用下的重力稳定性问题.考虑了池水对于太阳辐射的吸收,并假设边界上一定的热通量为导热微分方程的边界条件,基于控制方程的弱解形式采用Galerkin方法得到对流开始发生的临界条件.给出了池水的浊度（消光系数）和提热量f对于非对流层（也叫梯度层）稳定性的影响.结果表明,临界稳定值Rac受水体浊度的影响很小,当浊度变大后,Rac略有下降;考虑提热量f和浊度的综合影响,当f为0.65～0.70时,池水浊度对梯度层稳定性的影响最小;当f小于此范围时,随着梯度层内浊度的增大,Rac增大,系统趋向稳定;当f大于此范围时,随着梯度层浊度的增大,Rac减小,系统趋向于不稳定.     

小型氯化钠溶液太阳池的实验研究

报道小型太阳池的实验研究结果,并根据实验结果对太阳池的集热和蓄热性能作讨论。同时还介绍小型太阳池的设计、建造、灌液以及其温度浓度分布的测试。     

沼虾体色调节之初探

实验通过单色光、明暗环境变化、虾的眼柄提取液、虾的肌肉提取液、蟹的眼柄提取液、海水、肾上腺素以及不同浓度的乙醇溶液对沼虾体色变化的影响，发现了沼虾体色调节的部分机制，眼柄提取液的无种间特异性，以及乙醇对虾的体色的抑制作用．本实验还通过认真观察对比发现了沼虾色素细胞分布的规律和一些特殊的色素细胞．     

强化太阳池热性能实验研究

建立了两个表面尺寸2.4m×2.4m、深1.2m结构相同的小型盐水太阳池,通过向太阳池底部添加多孔介质、在太阳池表面加透明塑料膜盖,以及将太阳池与太阳能集热器相结合的方法,探索强化太阳池热性能的途径.实验结果表明:多孔介质用于太阳池可以起到降浊、蓄热的双重功效、加透明塑料膜盖可以有效降低太阳池浊度,减少表面散热,并影响下对流层温度分布;辅加太阳能集热器可以明显增加太阳池下对流层温度,但对非对流层和上对流层影响较小.     

虾塘还林及其海洋农牧化构想

根据我国东南沿海红树林退化情况和海水虾塘养殖业严重衰败问题,对我国退塘还林的潜在规模及其重要意义进行分析和评估,并在此基础上提出了"虾塘红树林湿地生态农场"建设思路和3种生态养殖模式。理论推算表明,生态改造后虾塘养殖的经济效益提高1.2~2.0倍;氮(N)和磷(P)的年环境负荷量分别减少28.51%~56.39%和25.63%~88.13%。此外,虾塘生态改造还将显著美化滨海湿地景观,为耐盐功能性植物开发利用和滨海休闲业发展奠定基础。"虾塘红树林湿地生态农场"兼顾了生态与生计同时所面临的问题,并可作为一种激励机制,促进退塘还林和蓝碳经济发展。最后,讨论了技术、农户积极性和资金投入等方面的可行性,并提出了相关建议。