中国古代北方游牧民族调控羊繁殖的技术初探

北方大漠草原属于温带大陆性气候，冬季严寒多风，若按照自然生长周期，羊（绵羊、山羊）的发情期正好在秋季，于春节前后产羔，而此时北方仍然天寒地冻，羊羔很容易被冻死。为了避开冬季产羔，中国古代北方游牧民族发明了人工控制生育期繁殖羊的办法，推迟母羊的受孕时间，使羊羔产于春季，从而保证羊羔的成活率。蒙古人有两种方法：一种是以毡片等裹公羊之腹，防其与母羊交接，适用于个体家庭小规模饲养；一种是实行牝牡分牧，平时公母羊分群放牧，在固定时间合群交配，适用于大规模饲养。蒙古人的这种技术源自突厥人。“苏武牧羊”的故事反映了匈奴人也掌握了这项技术，苏武就是专门放牧公羊的人。这说明北方游牧民族从匈奴开始直至蒙古大多已经掌握了这种繁殖羊的技术，只不过此技术是以“隐蔽形式”，似明似暗、无声无息地默默地流传着。这是中国北方游牧民族为了生存和发展，适应大自然，与大自然斗争而总结出来的经验。     

Different intrafusal fiber composition of spindles in sheep and pig extraocular muscles

Summary Histochemical profiles of intrafusal fibers have been examined in muscle spindles of extraocular muscles of sheep and pig. Results show that in the sheep the intrafusal content presents, in addition to chain fibers, at least one bag₁ and one bag₂ fiber, whereas in the pig almost all the spindles are bag₁-fiber spindles.Acknowledgment. This study was supported by grants from C.N.R. and M.P.I.     

中国美利奴羊(新疆军垦型)超细品系微卫星多态性的研究

选择分布在绵羊第6号染色体上的4个微卫星基因座OarDB6、BM1824、BM6438、BM6506,利用PAGE凝胶电泳检测微卫星在中国美利奴羊（新疆军垦型）超细品系中的等位基因数,计算等位基因频率（Pi）、遗传杂合度（H）和多态信息含量（PIC）,分析了中国美利奴羊（新疆军垦型） 微卫星DNA的多态性.4个微卫星位点OarDB6、BM1824、BM6438、BM6506在中国细毛羊品种超细品系中PIC平均值为0.6074,该4个微卫星位点可以用于中国细毛羊遗传多样性的评估.遗传杂合度平均值为0.86145,表明该品系绵羊遗传多态性丰富,群体遗传变异较大,并且4个微卫星基因座适用于绵羊的遗传连锁分析研究.     

绵羊毛与山羊绒的鉴别

利用扫描电镜法测试分析66S的绵羊毛与一级除毛山羊绒,得到了以直径、表面鳞片高以及表面鳞片厚为指标的绵羊毛与山羊绒各自的频率分布,并计算出以这3个指标为判定依据的独立误判概率.在验证了3个指标为线性无关后,将3个独立误判概率相乘,从而大幅度降低了绵羊毛与山羊绒之间的误判概率.实验结果证实了这一结论.     

采食量影响绵羊瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量机理的研究

四只安有永久瘘管，体重约４５ｋｇ的去势杂种绵羊（Ｂｌａｃｋｆａｃｅ×Ｓｕｆｆｏｌｋ），在四个试验期根据４×４拉丁方设计，分别饲喂１００、８００、１２００和１６００ｇ／头／日ＣＰ配合伺料，用聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ，分子量４０００）和三氧化二铬浸润麦桔作液相和固相指示剂，后两个试验期，用尼龙袋法测定干物质在瘤胃中的降解率。结果表明：瘤胃容积和排空速度随采食量上升而提高；当采食量升高到２１．１８ｇＤＭ／ｋｇＢＷ时，瘤胃固相容积似乎达到极限，固相排空速度的提高开始加快。瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量与瘤胃固相和液相排空速度之间都呈直线相关，其相关系数分别为０．９８７（Ｐ＜０．０１）和０．９４２（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

牧区基层配种点（站）的绵羊人工授精

笔者结合在青海牧区基层配种点（站）长期工作的实践经验，论述了绵羊人工授精的准备工作，授精技术，操作要领及经验，对于广大牧区基层配种点（站）的绵羊人工授精工作具有实践性强和可操作性佳的参考意义。     

不同品种肉用型种羊超排效果的研究

采用FSH递减注射法．对不同品种肉用型供体母羊的超排效果进行研究．结果表明，进行超排处理之后，母羊的黄体数、平均排卵数、胚胎回收率、平均可胚数、异常胚胎数和未受精卵数在各品种之间存在差异．这与品种的药物敏感性、超排处理时优势卵泡的存在与否以及品种的遗传性有很大的关系．     

草木樨喂羊毒性试验的病理学研究

通过全饲喂组、半饲喂组饲喂含0.24％香豆素的草木樨和对照组的绵羊进行两个月的临床观察未发现异常。经血液凝血酶元时间、红细胞娄、血红蛋白含量,谷—草和谷—丙转氨酶的测定,各项指标均在正常范围内,各组差异不显著。屠宰后,全饲组羊只肝、肾轻微胂胀,呈土黄色,胆囊充盈。半饲组病变轻,对照组不认异常。取组织进行电镜和病理学检查发现全饲组羊肝细胞变性坏死,胆囊粘膜上皮坏死脱落,肾小管上皮细胞变性,半饲组病变较轻。试验证明,草木樨对绵羊有一定的毒性作用。     

Characterization of ovarian follicular fluids of sheep,pigs and cows using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Summary Proton NMR spectra were produced for Graafian follicular fluids obtained by aspiration from sheep, pig and cow ovaries. The following low molecular mass, non-protein-bound metabolites were detected at concentrations exceeding 0.1 mM: acetate, alanine, creatinine/creatine, glycine, D-3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, valine. Glucose was difficult to quantify and N-acetyl sugars gave a broad resonance at 2.06 ppm, presumably representing side-chains of glycoproteins. Ethanol was detected at up to millimolar concentrations in some specimens, though the physiological significance of this finding was not clear. The concentrations of all metabolites were comparable to those of plasma. These results have therefore shown that NMR spectroscopy is useful for gaining a broad and semiquantitative impression of the more abundant metabolites in the fluids of preovulatory Graafian follicles.     

Body temperatures of lambs and their mothers measured by radio-telemetry during parturition

Using temperature-sensitive radio-telemeters chronically implanted in the abdomens of 8 fetal lambs and their mothers, we measured body temperature changes induced by parturition. Maternal body temperature rose at 0.70±0.06 °C/hour (mean±SEM) in the final stages of labour. Fetal body temperature also rose, but at a significantly lower rate, 0.45±0.06 °C/hour (p<0.05). The fetus appears to be protected from excessive hyperthermia during the birth process.