Sex pheromone of the pine sawflyDiprion pini (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae): Chemical identification,synthesis and biological activity

The main component of the sex pheromone secretion of femaleDiprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) from insects collected both in Finland and in France has been identified as athreo-3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol (8 ng per female) stereoisomer by GC-MS and synthesis. The secretion also contains lower and higher homologues in small amounts (1–4% of the main component). Combined gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection showed activity in both natural and esterified extracts (acetates and propionates); the esters of the main component gave the largest responses. The acetates and propionates of the eight stereoisomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol were synthesized from enantiomerically highly enriched (>99% ee) building blocks. The stereochemistry of the main component was established to be (2S,3R,7R)-3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol by GC analysis of the natural material. It was purified by liquid chromatography prior to the GC analysis of both its pentafluorobenzoates and its isopropylcarbamates on a non-chiral polar column (ECD) and a chiral column (NPD), respectively. Field tests demonstrated that both the acetate and propionate of the main component (100 g of each applied on cotton roll dispensers) were active in attracting males, with or without the presence of several of the minor compounds. Experiments with smaller amounts of the acetate and the propionate (1 g in France and 50 g in Finland) demonstrated that the propionate was more active than the acetate, and that it also caught more males than a blend of the two compounds.     

Dissection of the pheromone-modulated flight of moths using single-pulse response as a template

The upwind flight of male moths to conspecific females is mediated by the chemical and structural characteristics of a pheromone plume. We describe the reaction of maleCadra cautella, the almond moth, to the interception of single pulses of sex pheromone, the smallest structural units of odour plumes. Following loss of a pheromone plume, males cast, that is fly a crosswind course without progressing upwind. The response of casting males to interception of a pulse of 0.25 s duration was, after a delay of 0.21±0.07 s, to turn and briefly fly straighter upwind, resulting in average net upwind displacements of 18 cm in a 50 cm s^–1 wind. Upwind progress in the single-pulse response was the result of steering more upwind and an increase in airspeed, although average ground speed remained unchanged. During the last third of the surge, males turned crosswind, returning to casting flight. These behavioural reactions to pheromone contact and loss support the phasic-tonic model of odour-modulated flight, in which an underlying tonic counterturning rhythm, expressed upon pheromone loss, is briefly overridden by phasic upwind surges, expressed upon interception of the pheromone filament. The surge portion of the cast-surge-cast response was diminished and more crosswind if individual pulses were shorter (0.02 s), probably due to sub-optimal contact with pheromone. The cast-surge-cast response to interception of a single 0.25 s pulse was used as a template to interpret the form of flight tracks in plumes of known structure. The template matched portions of flight tracks of males flying in plumes of low pheromone pulse frequency, thus reflecting the male's pattern of pulse encounter. In plumes ensuring a high frequency of pulse interception, only the upwind surge portion of the template was expressed, resulting in nearly straight upwind flight tracks. Similar nearly straight upwind flight tracks occurred in flights along plumes of low pulse frequency with large volume. Thus flight tracks of maleC. cautella to point sources of pheromone depend on both the frequency and the size of filaments encountered.     

Estrogen and accessory sex gland lipids

Summary Administration of estradiol-17 elicited differential responses on accessory sex glands of rats. In caput epididymis, the estrogen treatment led to an accumulation of glycerides and phospholipids while in cauda epididymis, there was no significant change. However, in seminal vesicles, depletion of phospholipids was observed In prostate, the treatment, resulted in an accumulation of glycerides.Part of Ph.D. Thesis. Umapathy, E., Thesis. University of Madras, India, 1977.     

高校德育内容的构建与创新

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速度滑冰课教学中学生示范的运用

对学生示范在速滑课教学中的应用问题进行探讨 ,阐述了学生示范对提高速滑课教学质量所起的重要作用 .课堂教学中取得了良好的效果 .     

企业信息化建设中的三个重要问题

讨论企业信息化建设中的三个重要问题:企业信息化的误区,电子政务的引擎效应及存在的问题,以及网络与教育相关的问题等。     

色盲遗传马氏链的极限概率分布

在这篇文章中，我们根据色盲伴性遗传规律，给出其马尔可夫链的权限概率分布     

美育在大学生素质教育中的作用

高校美育问题，始终是教育工作者关注的课题。提高大学生的素质，塑造完美的人格，实现人的全面发展，是一项复杂的系统工程，涉及多方面的教育，但美育具有其特殊作用，本文着重从美育的角度去探讨其对大学生素质教育的作用。     

高等化学教育与市场经济研究

试从高等化学教育与市场经济发展的历史必然生活动同步等方面分析论述，从而揭示高等化学教育与市场经济两者相互依存和相互促进的关系。     

内隐学习理论视野下的教师教育

教育理论教学的低效、教师的教育知识与教育行为的脱节一直困扰着教师教育,影响了教师教育的质量和基础教育的质量。近年渐热的内隐学习理论为教师教育在课程设置、教学目标、教学方法、教学评价等方面的改革拓展了新思路。