粗粒料缩尺效应研究现状与趋势

总结了粗粒料室内试验不同缩尺方法的优缺点、目前粗粒料强度和变形试验常用仪器的优缺点以及这些仪器用于研究粗粒料强度和变形的代表性成果;概括了缩尺效应对粗粒料强度和变形特性影响方面的研究成果;分析了缩尺效应的评价依据;讨论了缩尺效应研究中应考虑和注意的一些问题,如试样密度的控制、缩尺效应的定量化表述等,并指出缩尺效应研究应注意替代级配料和原级配料的密度控制方法.     

Phylogenetic analysis of extreme morphologies: deep-sea holasteroid echinoids

Because of their ‘bizarre’ features, some echinoids can be considered laboratories in which to analyse the origin of extreme morphologies. The holasteroid family Urechinidae Duncan, 1889 is such a group. It is composed of 18 previously named living species in three genera: Urechinus A. Agassiz, 1879, Plexechinus A. Agassiz, 1898, and Pilematechinus A. Agassiz, 1904. With Stereopneustes, the most closely related living taxon, and the calymnid-plus-pourtalesiid clade as outgroups, a phylogenetic analysis on 35 binary characters is produced. We focus on two major aspects of morphology: test features (apical system, basicoronals, interambulacrum 5, test shape, ambulacra) and external appendages (pedicellariae, spines, sphaeridia). New data on plate architecture, morphology, and appendages are illustrated, and the position of the fossil, Chelonechinus, is discussed. We show that the Urechinidae is paraphyletic: the genus Plexechinus shares more recent common ancestry with the calymnids and pourtalesiids than with other urechinids. In order to retain the well-circumscribed clade, Pilematechinus A. Agassiz, 1904, the phylogenetic classification also recognizes two additional genera: Cystechinus A. Agassiz, 1879, and Antrechinus new genus. A key to the species is provided. The production of extreme morphologies, such as internal parental care, is explored by mapping test size, the occurrence of fascioles, and periproct position onto the phylogeny. By adding plates early in ontogeny, Pilematechinus develops radically different plate architectures from another genus of large forms, Cystechinus. In contrast, the latter gets large by exaggerating allometric trends seen in other holasteroids. Paedomorphosis and miniaturization have evolved independently in Antrechinus and some Plexechinus, but always by truncation of allometric trajectories.     

大型基础项目融资风险的动态模糊评价

大型基础项目融资风险因素众多、风险结果严重,其风险已成为项目成功与否的关键.提出了大型基础项目融资风险的指标体系,并以动态的观点,采用模糊理论建立了一种大型基础项目融资的风险评价方法.     

系统思维视野下的大型工程项目成功标准

引入了系统式思维,确定了基于可持续发展观视角下的效益性、参与性、公平性和可持续性的项目成功基本评价准则,并综合考虑不同利益群体的利益诉求,构建了大型工程项目成功的三维综合评价模型,从目标实现度、三重盈余绩效以及项目全寿命周期三个视角全方位审视了大型工程项目的成功。     

东部区域核事故核素大气扩散特征研究

为分析核事故时东部不同地区放射性核素大气扩散特征的差异性,通过利用区域尺度天气预报模式WRF和高斯大气扩散模式研究了东部区域尺度以及部分核电厂周边的大气弥散因子分布特征。结果表明:东部区域尺度计算网格中心点周边500 m和5000 m处大气弥散因子的最大值分别为10-3 s·m-3量级和10-4 s·m-3量级;不同核电厂距离中心点500 m处的大气弥散因子最大值在10-4 s·m-3量级,距离区域中心点5000 m处的大气弥散因子最大值在10-6～10-4 s·m-3量级之间;针对不同核电厂距离中心点500 m处和5000 m处大气弥散因子比较发现,前者昌江核电厂大气弥散因子最大值最高;后者秦山核电厂大气弥散因子最大值最高。可见不同地区的核电厂受气象场影响其大气扩散特征存在差异。     

遮阴对不同品种玉米叶片形态和功能的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了遮阴对不同玉米品种叶片形态和功能的影响。结果表明在全生育期遮阴条件下玉米叶片长宽比增大,叶生物量比和叶质量分数增大,叶面积比增大,比叶面积增大,比叶质量减小;各生育期玉米叶片光合速率随遮阴程度的加重降低幅度加大,玉米开花期叶片光合速率降低幅度大于大喇叭口期和灌浆中期;玉米叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量增加,叶绿素a／叶绿素b降低。遮阴后叶绿素含量的增高,特别是叶绿素b含量的培加是玉米对低光胁迫的一种生态适应。图1,表2,参16。     

Knowledge-based bridge detection from SAR images

Automatic bridge detection is an important application of SAR images. Differed from the classical CFAR method, a new knowledge-based bridge detection approach is proposed. The method not only uses the backscattering intensity difference between targets and background but also applies the contextual information and spatial relationship between objects. According to bridges’ special characteristics and scattering properties in SAR images, the new knowledge-based method includes three processes: river segmentation, potential bridge areas detection and bridge discrimination. The application to AIRSAR data shows that the new method is not sensitive to rivers’ shape. Moreover, this method can detect bridges successfully when river segmentation is not very exact and is more robust than the radius projection method.     

基于故障风险标尺的复杂装备健康状态分类模型

针对复杂装备故障呈现出多重性、相关性及模糊性的特点,本文分析了装备健康状态演化规律,利用自适应模糊神经网络、故障模式、影响及危害性分析构建故障风险标尺,实现了对复杂装备故障风险程度的定量化描述及装备健康状态的分类。通过实验分析,本文提出的模型相比于传统的故障预测以及故障风险程度定量方法具有显著优势,实现了对装备从设计生产、部署使用以及退役报废全寿命周期的动态反馈,对提高复杂装备综合保障能力具有重要意义。     

基于融资约束的投资时机与债务规模

研究了融资约束模式下的中小企业投资时机和融资规模。利用风险中性定价方法给出了公司债券、股权、公司价值和担保成本定价的显式解;确定了投资时机与债务规模的函数关系;解释了担保换股权融资模式的优势。数值分析结果表明：投资触发水平随融资规模先减后增呈U型变化;被担保的公司价值大于股权融资的公司价值。随着风险的增大,两价值之差越来越小。比较静态分析也表明,担保换股权使得公司价值增加,投资被加速。