Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia

Population and reproductive behaviour aspects of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon are well known for populations from Central America, but similar information is lacking for populations from South America. We recorded the reproductive ecology of a population of the glass frog E. prosoblepon in the city of Armenia, Central Andes of Colombia. With weekly surveys with mark-recapture between December 2013 and November 2015, we monitored activity patterns and evaluated if the probability of males mating is associated to their body size or to chorus tenure (i.e. the number of nights a same individual is calling for attracting a mate). In addition, upon observing an amplexus, we recorded the behaviour of the individuals until oviposition and noted characteristics of egg clutch. We recorded 47 males and 32 females, nine amplexus events, eight ovipositions, and 21 egg clutches (35.4 ± 4.79 eggs per clutch, N = 29). Activity of males and females and the number of egg clutches were positively correlated to rainfall. Mating success of males was not associated to their body size, but it was positively associated to longer chorus tenure; clutches from large females had a higher number of eggs than clutches from small females. Oviposition occurred on average 3.76 ± 1.74 hours after we first observed the amplexus, occurring 93.1% of the time in fronds of Selaginella geniculata at an average height of 1.58 ± 0.44 m. After the oviposition, the male left the site, while the female remained between 30 and 45 min, partially covering the eggs. The reproductive behaviour of E. prosoblepon did not vary widely between a population in Costa Rica and our population in time to oviposition, and mating success of males associated to chorus tenure; however, in our study population we recorded a larger clutch size and the preference for S. geniculata fronds as oviposition substrate.     

Diet comparison between rainforest and cave populations of Craugastor alfredi (Anura: Craugastoridae): does diet vary in contrasting habitats?

Information about interpopulational variation of diet is important for thoroughly understanding the ecological niche of a species, the possible attributes that have allowed it to live in different habitats and ecosystems (if it is the case) and the degree of dietary specialization. This study compared dietary composition and diversity, size of prey consumed and feeding intensity between two geographically proximate populations of Craugastor alfredi, inhabiting contrasting habitats: one located in a remnant tropical rainforest and the other population located within a cave entrance, in eastern Mexico. A total of 118 frogs (50 from rainforest and 68 from cave) were stomach-flushed and, from those, 86 had at least one prey item (42 from rainforest and 44 from cave). Consumption proportions of orthopterans differed between habitats, with frogs from the cave having higher importance values of this prey than frogs from the rainforest. Additionally, both dietary diversity and feeding intensity were higher in the rainforest population. It was concluded that the generalized diet of C. alfredi, besides the high consumption of orthopterans by the cave population, may have contributed to its success in cave entrances. Nonetheless, other non-feeding attributes like small body size, direct development and semiarboreality may also facilitate the use of rock crevices in caves for foraging and reproduction.     

Yugoslavian and other records of the Italian freshwater goby,Padogobius martensii,and a character polarization in gobioid fishes

Padogobius martensii, a freshwater gobiid fish from the Po basin and adjoining rivers of northeastern Italy, is now recorded from Yugoslavia (Dalmatia), and further rivers of the Italian Adriatic seaboard. Diagnostic features are summarized, with special reference to another freshwater goby of the area, Orsinigobius punctatissimus. The origin of the Dalmatian populations is discussed with reference to sea-level changes in the postglacial Adriatic basin. Meristic polymorphism in dorsal pterygiophore sequence is described in the various P. martensii populations and its significance noted for polarization of character states in this feature.     

新条件下一类特殊函数的Muntz有理逼近

目的讨论有界变差函数BV[0，1]和Sobolev类w：[0，1]的Muntz有理逼近问题。方法应用构造性分析的方法进行研究。结果给出了在较为广泛条件下Muntz有理逼近的速度估计。结论所得结果说明Muntz有理函数可以实现对于有界变差函数和Sobolev函数的逼近。     

p-基本限制李三系

群的Frattini理论具有非常重要的意义,本文平行于群建立了限制李三系的Frattini理论,定义了P-基本限制李三系,并进一步讨论了P-基本限制李三系的一些基本性质,以及一些充分与必要条件.     

基于图像的AC20型混合料集料接触分布变异性

为量化集料之间的接触关系,提出了一种基于数字图像的沥青混合料集料接触分析方法,以AC20型沥青混合料为例,对72个车辙板试件切片图像进行处理,得到每个切片上集料接触数量及集料特征;通过统计分析,得到AC20型沥青混合料接触对总体分布规律,各档集料的接触对分布规律及单颗集料接触数分布规律;并分析了大于2.36 mm集料含量C>2.36,集料级配的细度指数FI和离析指数SI对样本接触对数量变异性的影响规律及这三个指标的内在联系.通过对AC20型沥青混合料接触状况的量化分析,可将接触特征作为混合料级配设计的参考因素,指导级配设计.     

基于叶片角变化规律的液力变矩器改型设计法

研究了三维设计环境下液力变矩器叶栅系统改型设计方法,提出以叶片角变化规律为基础对原型叶片进行改型设计.首先,通过初始化图形交换规范(IGES)与三维软件交换叶栅系统的三维信息;然后,利用De Boor算法的开花计算叶片上各点处的叶片角,将反映叶片角沿叶片内外环设计基线变化的曲线拟合成非均匀有理B样条(NURBS),通过调整NURBS曲线的控制点以及各控制点权重值,实现叶片角变化规律的调整;确定了新的叶片角变化规律后,叶片的空间形状即可确定,从而可以生成新的叶栅系统模型;最后,对新生成的叶栅系统进行性能预测,得到满意的结果后即可进入后续详细设计阶段.利用该方法构建了液力变矩器改型平台,使用该平台分别以提高变矩性能和提高效率为目标对某款液力变矩器进行改型研究,结果表明所提出的方法行之有效,有助于提高改型设计的效率.     

基于变异系数的我国城市化地域差异演变研究

利用我国26个省会城市和4个直辖市的市辖区1998～2007年的非农人口和建成区面积统计数据,采用增长率和变异系数等指标对中国的城市化水平格局及地域差异变化进行研究.结果表明:研究期内我国东部城市化水平差异一直明显高于中、西部地区,但东中西部的差异有所缩小;城市化速率呈现明显的地域差异,2003年之前东部城市化速度最快...     

调和方程超定Dirichlet边值问题的变分解

对调和方程超定D irichlet边值问题进行了研究,提出解决问题的新方法.通过对超定边值问题相应泛函的临界点研究,引入了问题的变分解;其次对变分解的性质进行了研究.该方法具有严格的数学基础,能将不同类型的观测数据纳入统一的模型中进行研究.     

离散混沌测量矩阵构造及其性能研究

若测量矩阵满足约束等距性(restricted isometric property, RIP),则样本能够完美恢复出原始信号。而对于给定矩阵很难验证其是否满足RIP需求,因此,本文采用李雅普诺夫指数作为一种针对离散混沌测量矩阵的验证指标。首先分析了RIP与李雅普诺夫指数之间的联系,然后给出了一种分段式混沌映射构造方法用以提高混沌性能,并从理论和仿真上证明了该方法的有效性。实验结果表明,这种方法不仅提高了混沌序列的随机性和自相关性,而且所生成的测量矩阵也具有更好的性能。因此,引进李雅普诺夫指数是一种有效的验证离散混沌测量矩阵性能的方法,提高李雅普诺夫指数能够提高混沌测量矩阵的性能。