歌唱的呼吸原理与训练方法

呼吸是歌唱的生命,也是歌唱技巧训练的基础.从呼吸的原理和呼吸方法入手,对歌唱呼吸的种类、训练方法进行了分析、探讨.     

健康学龄前儿童鼻通气功能及临床意义

目的：为明确健康学龄前儿童鼻阻力情况和与之相关的鼻腔解剖学参数。方法：应用声反射鼻测量遥计对２８１名正常广东籍健康学龄前儿童的鼻腔进行测量。结果：学龄前儿童的鼻阻力（ＮＡＲ）有随着年龄的增加而逐渐减小的趋势,２、３岁年龄组儿童的鼻阻力明显大于５、６岁年龄组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;鼻腔容积（ＮＣＶ）和鼻腔最小横截面面积（ＮＭＣＡ）则随着年龄的增大而逐渐增大。２、３岁年龄组儿童ＮＣＶ和ＮＭＣＡ明显小于５、６     

紫色土丘陵区典型林地土壤温室气体释放研究

采用动态-密闭气室法(LI-6400-09)对紫色土丘陵区三种典型林地土壤温室气体释放进行连续测定.结果表明,温度是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,各林地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈正相关,都随温度呈指数增长.在温度较低的冬春季,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不明显,温度较高的夏季土壤湿度与林地(桤树,柏树)土壤呼吸速率呈显著性抛物线相关(p＜0.05);三种林地中,针叶林柏树林地土壤呼吸与土壤湿度相关性最好,当土壤含水量＜25%时,随着湿度的增加,土壤呼吸速率逐渐增大,之后随着湿度的增大,土壤呼吸速率逐渐减小.各季节的日变化规律表现不一致,冬春两季各林地土壤呼吸都和土壤温度的日变化趋势保持一致,表现为先升后减的趋势;夏秋两季,因为较高的土壤温度和表层土壤相对湿度的剧烈波动,各林地土壤呼吸日变化呈现不规则波动.     

乐果农药污染对土壤动物呼吸强度的影响

选用乐果农药对寡毛类白颈环毛蚓、鞘翅类金龟甲科幼虫和等足类鼠妇虫科动物进行染毒试验,研究农药污染对土壤动物呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,乐果农药毒性对土壤动物呼吸强度具有明显抑制作用,其呼吸代谢强度随农药处理浓度的增加与染毒历时的延长而减弱,高浓度,短时间或低浓度、长时间的染毒均能导致土壤动物的死亡。     

土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性研究综述

土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应已成为生态学研究的重要内容之一。根据近年来国内外最新的研究资料,综合介绍了土壤呼吸对温度敏感性方面的研究现状与成果,分析和探讨存在的问题。温度是影响土壤呼吸的重要因子,土壤呼吸与温度之间相关关系密切,但土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应与机制仍不确定。模拟土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性模型有多种且在不断完善,但简单的Q10经验模型仍被普遍使用。土壤呼吸各来源对温度的敏感性贡献仍不明确。因此在今后的研究中,应规范统一土壤呼吸和温度的测定方法,明确各因子对土壤呼吸的影响,土壤呼吸的时空异质性,土壤呼吸各组分对土壤呼吸的贡献以及各组分对温度的敏感性。     

Involvement of a sperm aminopeptidase in fertilization of the sea urchin

Summary Inhibitory efficiencies of bestatin methyl ester and its nine analogs for sea urchin sperm aminopeptidase activity were similar to the efficiency of the same compounds as inhibitors either of sperm respiration or of fertilization. This suggests that a sperm aminopeptidase plays a role in fertilization in the sea urchin, possibly through its involvement in sperm respiration.Acknowledgment. We are grateful to Dr Wataru Tanaka of Nippon kayaku co. for his gifts of bestatin and its analogs. We are also indebted to Mrs Akiko Tsuchida-Watanabe for her technical assitance, and to the staff of Asamushi Marine Biological Station, Tohoku University, where part of this work was carried out. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan.     

GMP-stimulation of the cyanide-insensitive mitochondrial respiration in heat-shocked conidia ofNeurospora crassa

Summary In mitochondria of heat-shocked conidia ofNeurospora exogenous NADH and succinate were oxidized mainly via the alternative, hydroxamate-sensitive pathway (70%) and only 30% via the cytochromic, cyanide-sensitive pathway which was predominant in untreated conidia; the alternative oxidase pathway was markedly stimulated by guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP).We are grateful to Mrs A. Cattaneo for her skillful technical assistance.     

The larval development of Argulus coregoni Thorell (Crustacea: Branchiura)

Summary

The larval development of Argulus coregoni from the first to the ninth stage was studied, with special reference to the morphological changes of the appendages and some other parts of the body.

A newly hatched larva is a copepodid-form measuring 0·6–0·7 mm long and approaches the shape of the adult after moulting into the second stage (0·7–0·9 mm). Throughout the larval stages, the first maxilla shows the most remarkable modification. The larvae of the first to the fifth stage are equipped with two strong, curved claws, which act as a clasping organ, at the terminal segment of the first maxilla. The basal segment expands considerably at the third stage (0·9–1·1 mm) prior to forming a sucker at the sixth stage (1·7–2·2 mm). The claws start to degenerate at the fifth stage (1·4–1·8 mm), but are still recognizable as a rudiment after the seventh stage (2·2–2·6 mm). The other distinct morphological changes that occurred are: (1) bifurcation of the anterior part of the dorsal ridges on the carapace, (2) development of the male accessory copulatory organ at the basal segments of the second to the fourth legs, (3) number of posteriorly directed minute spines on the ventral surface of the carapace, (4) number of elements in the supporting ribs of the suckers, (5) number of spines found at the first segment of the second maxilla, and (6) number of setae on the four pairs of thoracic legs.

The larval forms of A. coregoni younger than the fourth stage (1·1–1·4 mm) are indistinguishable from those of A. japonicus and A. foliaceus.     

Mitochondrial activity: A possible determinant of anoxic injury in renal medulla

Summary In brain¹, heart² and kidney³, cell work in the absence of oxygen has been thought to precipitate anoxic damage by increasing the rate of depletion of cellular energy stores. In the medullary thick ascending limb of isolated perfused rat kidneys, however, reduction of ATP synthesis by a variety of mitochondrial or metabolic inhibitors caused ATP depletion comparable to that produced by oxygen deprivation but did not reproduce the lesions of anoxia. In these cells, unrestrained mitochondrial activity may be an important source of anoxic injury.     

武夷山天然甜槠林生态系统土壤呼吸日变化及影响因子研究

选取福建省武夷山甜槠天然林为研究对象,用LICOR--8100AutomatedSoilC02F1ux System法进行了土壤呼吸、温度、气温的日动态测量．测定结果表明：武夷山甜槠天然林的气温、地袁温度、5cm土壤温度等气象因子和土壤呼吸的日动态变化表现规律比较一致都呈单峰曲线,但是峰值出现的时刻不同;同时,土壤温度与土壤呼吸呈正相关;土壤体积含水量与土壤呼吸速率也是正相关;土壤温度和土壤水分成为影响土壤呼吸的主要因素;夏季土壤呼吸的速率要高于冬季．