银杏雌、雄植株花芽分化后期及开花期间生理代谢的比较

【目的】研究银杏雌、雄株花芽分化后期及开花期间内含物和激素代谢的动态变化,为银杏雌、雄株的定向培育、授粉、性别鉴定提供参考。【方法】通过采集银杏雌、雄株花芽分化后期(11月25日—次年3月16日)、开花期(3月17日—4月7日)、开花后(4月8日—4月28日)3个阶段短枝果芽及开花后的叶片,测定其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、黄酮和内酯等内含物及激素含量。【结果】在花芽分化后期,银杏雄株普遍比雌株含有更多的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性也更高;而在开花期,银杏雌株比雄株含有更多的可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白,其PAL活性也更高,但此期间雄株的赤霉素(GA)和玉米素(ZT)含量远高于雌株。雌、雄植株芽期的过氧化物酶(POD)活性远高于开花期和花后期,而开花期间雌、雄株叶片都具有较高的ZT、GA、总黄酮和萜内酯水平。【结论】银杏雌、雄株在开花时间各节点的生理代谢水平出现不同步性,雄株的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总黄酮和萜内酯的高点比雌株早2周左右。较高水平的GA和ZT、总黄酮和萜内酯可能是银杏雄株开花及雌株胚珠发育所必需的。     

硅对叶螨危害后棉花防御酶活性的调控作用及其与抗虫性的关系

以棉花品种新陆早33号感染土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov ＆ Nikolski））作个案研究,阐明硅提高棉花抗螨性的生理机理。网室条件下采用微区试验设计,硅肥采用喷施和基施处理,研究不同时间棉花的虫害指数、干物质积累量和硅含量,以及与植物抗性密切相关的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PP0）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性变化。结果显示：不同施硅处理缓解了棉花叶片受叶螨危害的症状,在接种叶螨第6天硅处理降低了叶片受害指数;施硅处理提高了PPO和PAL的活性,而降低了参与清除植物体内活性氧功能的POD活性。硅能够调控棉花与抗虫有关的酚类物质代谢过程,参与植物防卫反应而增强棉花对土耳其斯坦叶螨的抗性。     

肝脏FDG代谢模型的参数估计

利用房室模型进行肝脏[18F]氟代脱氧葡萄糖([18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose,FDG)代谢的动力学研究是进行人体功能信息的建模和研究肝脏葡萄糖代谢率的重要手段。动力学研究需要得到血液中的示踪剂浓度随时间变化曲线,将其作为模型的输入,估计出肝脏FDG代谢模型的动力学参数。然而,肝脏存在肝动脉输入和肝门静脉输入。研究分别采用动脉和门静脉的双输入方式和动脉的单输入方式作为血液输入曲线,用这两个输入函数分别进行了肝脏FDG代谢的动力学研究,比较了用两种方法所得到的结果。结果显示,在人体肝脏的FDG代谢研究中,用两种输入曲线得到的结果存在明显的不同,并且用双输入曲线得到的结果更加准确。     

高脂饮食对法尼醇受体(FXR)敲除小鼠糖脂代谢及肝脏脂肪变性的影响研究

目的探讨高脂饮食对法尼醇受体（farnesoid X receptor,FXR）敲除小鼠糖脂代谢及肝脏脂肪变性的影响。方法正常饮食（normal diet,ND）组:C57BL/6（wild type,WT）小鼠（n=6）和FXR -/- 小鼠（n=6）给予辐照灭菌维持饲料喂养12周。高脂饮食（high fat diet,HFD）组:C57BL/6小鼠（n=6）和FXR -/- 小鼠（n=6）给予45%高脂饲料喂养12周。小鼠处死后全自动生化分析仪检测血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）和总胆汁酸（total bile acid,TBA）指标; RT-PCR检测肝脏炎症因子TNF-α、TLR4和FXR下游基因小分子异源二聚体（small heterodimer partner,SHP）、胆固醇7α-羟化酶（cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7A1）的相对表达量; HE染色观察肝脏脂肪变性情况。结果高脂饮食喂养条件下,C57BL/6小鼠和FXR -/- 小鼠体质量变化无差异,但相比C57BL/6小鼠,FXR -/- 小鼠表现出更为严重糖耐量受损（P <0. 01）、脂质代谢紊乱（P <0. 01）、血清胆汁酸增高（P <0. 01）、肝脏炎症（P <0. 01）和肝脏脂肪变性。结论 FXR的缺失引起小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱、胆汁酸代谢异常、肝脏脂肪变性,但这种改变需要高脂饮食的诱导。     

Effects of gastric secretagogues on tissue glycerol in the isolated amphibian gastric mucosa

Summary Histamine and theophylline, two gastric secretagogues, significantly increased tissue glycerol content by 121 and 66%, respectively, in the isolated toad gastric mucosa. This is new evidence in favor of the hypothesis that gastric segretagogues may act via lipid mobilization.This investigation was supported by Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y humanístico de la Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.     

新事物与新生事物之辨析

针对高校哲学教材中新事物和新生事物两个重要概念混淆的状况，讨论了二者之间的质的差别及其意义，对两个概念加以界定，澄清了二者之间的模糊认识。     

Demonstration of vitamin D3 metabolism inmytilus edulis

Summary Radiolabeled vitamin D₃ was converted into several polar metabolites upon incubation with tissue homogenates from the common musselMytilus edulis. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the metabolites have chromatographic mobilities different from those of known standards. The results suggest that vitamin D₃ is metabolized in mussels via pathways that differ from the vertebrate systems.Acknowledgments. The authors thank Dr Pirjo Rantamäki for the mussels and F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. for supplying the vitamin D₃ metabolite standards. This work was supported by a grant from the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation to T. K.     

Flying insects: model systems in exercise physiology

Insect flight is the most energy-demanding exercise known. It requires very effective coupling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis and regeneration in the working flight muscles.³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of locust flight muscle in vivo has shown that flight causes only a small decrease in the content of ATP, whereas the free concentrations of inorganic phosphate (P _i ), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were estimated to increase by about 3-, 5- and 27-fold, respectively. These metabolites are potent activators of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase (PFK). Activation of glycolysis by AMP and P _i is reinforced synergistically by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P₂), a very potent activator of PFK. During prolonged flight locusts gradually change from using carbohydrate to lipids as their main fuel. This requires a decrease in glycolytic flux which is brought about, at least in part, by a marked decrease in the content of F2,6P₂ in flight muscle (by 80% within 15 min of flight). The synthesis of F2,6P₂ in flight muscle can be stimulated by the nervous system via the biogenic amine octopamine. Octopamine and F2,6P₂ seem to be part of a mechanism to control the rate of carbohydrate oxidation in flight muscle and thus function in the metabolic integration of insect flight.Dedicated to Dr. Ernst Zebe, Emeritus Professor of Zoology (University of Münster) on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Effect of taurine administration on liver lipids in guinea pig

Summary The oral administration of 0.4% taurine in drinking water for 14 consecutive days showed the following hepatic effects in male guinea pig. The percentage of tauro-conjugated biliary bile acids was increased from 17.2–54.2%; the ratio liver weight/body weight was increased, and fatty change was induced. Liver triglyceride concentration was accordingly increased; diglyceride and phosphatidylcholine concentrations were reduced by the treatment, while phosphatidylethanolamine level was not affected. These changes suggest an adverse effect of taurine administration on phosphatidylcholine hepatic synthesis.     

Anaerobic microbial conversion of three hydroxycinnamic acids

Summary Caffeic, ferulic and synapic acid are anaerobically degraded by a microbial consortium via the reduction of the double bond of the side chain, the replacement of the nuclear hydroxyl group in position 4 by hydrogen, the demolition of the side chain by the loss of a C₁ unit.