柴达木盆地西部第三系烃源岩生烃动力学研究

对柴达木盆地西部第三系烃源岩进行了生烃动力学模拟实验,使用氯仿对产物抽提,结果表明抽提物的生成量不符合经典的生烃动力学规律,无法采用动力学方程模型进行分析,这可能是由于模拟实验中产生了有机酸盐的缘故.柴西烃源岩模拟实验中抽提物的生成可以概括为有机母质一有机酸盐一抽提物和有机母质一抽提物两条途径.     

黄色物质吸收系数ag(440)与斜率Sg相关关系

利用2007年大连湾、长海县及舟山群岛附近海域黄色物质数据,对a_g(440)与S_g的相关关系进行研究发现:大连湾a_g(440)与S_g存在较为显著的负相关关系,长海县附近海域次之,而舟山群岛附近海域基本不存在相关性.根据Carder的研究成果,对a_g(440)与S_g相关关系的不确定性问题分别就近岸、大洋两类水体进行了分析,结果表明,无论是近岸水体还是大洋水体,存在负相关关系的几率较大,而出现正相关的几率很小.     

仿生物矿化过程合成无机/有机复合体研究

仿生材料目前是各国科学家关注的焦点,理论与实验研究已经取得很大进展。本文主要对模仿生物矿化过程合成无机/有机复合体进行了综述。     

Fate of secondary effluent dissolved organic matter during soil-aquifer treatment

The reduction of mass and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractions from secondary effluent during laboratory-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) soil columns were studied. Reduction in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV-254), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and nonbiodegradable dis- solved organic carbon (NBDOC) for the bulk DOM averaged 72.35%, 53.98%, 97.49% and 35.33% across the soil columns, respectively. Using XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins, DOM was fractionated into 3 fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), transphilic acid (TPI-A) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). HPO-A was removed by 61.06%, TPI-A by 54.86% and HPI by 74.95% as DOC as a consequence of the laboratory-scale SAT, respectively. The reduction of THMFP from HPO-A, TPI-A and HPI was 27.24%, 26.24% and 36.08%, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra revealed that the HPO-A isolated from the secondary effluent contained more aromatic functional groups than the corresponding TPI-A. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum analysis illustrated that TPI-A had decreased hydrocarbon and increased aromatics content in the SAT columns. Specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA) and specific THMFP for each DOM fraction increased across the soil columns and HPI exhibited greater increase in both than HPO-A and TPI-A. The most problematic THM precursor was found to be HPO-A with its high quantity present in recharged water and high chlorine reactivity.     

Impact of dissolved humic acid on the bioavailability of acenaphthene and chrysene assessed by membrane-based passive samplers

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to reduce the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aqueous environments. This reduction occurs as a result of adsorption to DOC, apparently reducing the freely dissolved concentration of HOCs. In the present study, triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were used to measure the uptake of acenaphthene and chrysene in the presence of commercial humic acid (HA) at different concentrations (0―15 mg C·L-1) under controlled laboratory conditions. Apparent uptake rate constants for PAHs in TECAM and medaka were compared and DOC-water partition coefficients (KDOCs) of two PAHs were calculated with different sampling methods by model fit. Results showed that HA present in water significantly reduced the uptake of PAHs in TECAM and medaka. The obtained values of log KDOC of acenaphthene and chrysene measured by TECAM were 4.63 and 5.83, respectively, whereas biologically determined values were 4.52 and 5.76, respectively. These log KDOC values were comparable to earlier published KDOCs toward commercial HA, thereby indicating that TECAM accumulated only the freely dissolved fraction of chemicals and uptake PAHs in a manner similar to that of fish. All these results suggested that the TECAM method can provide a good means for assessing the impact of DOC on bioavailability of PAHs in the aqueous environment.     

Soil Organic Carbon Loss under Different Slope Gradients in Loess Hilly Region

Based on field runoff plots observation and sample analysis, the effect of slope gradient on soil organic carbon loss was studied under natural rainfall conditions in loess hilly region. The results showed that with slope gradient increasing （from10° to 30°）, the changing trend of soil erosion intensity （A） was A20°〉A30°〉A15°〉A10°〉A25°, suggesting that slope gradient between 20° and 25° was a critical degree ranger to exist. Soil organic carbon loss was mainly influenced by soil erosion intensity, appearing the same trend as did soil erosion intensity with increasing slope gradient. Soil erosion results in organic carbon enrichment in sediment. Average enrichment ratios of five runoff plots varied from 2.27 to 3.74, and decreased with increasing erosion intensity and slope gradient. The decrease of surface runoff and soil erosion is the key to reduce soil organic carbon loss.     

有机粘结剂替代膨润土制备氧化球团

为了提高球团矿铁品位,研究新型有机粘结剂D替代膨润土对球团制备的影响。研究结果表明:采用有机粘结剂D完全替代膨润土,当其用量为0.25%~0.30%(质量分数)时,即可获得满足要求的生球性能及成品球强度,但预热球强度很低,只有100 N/个左右,只能用于对预热球强度要求不高的球团生产工艺;而有机粘结剂D部分替代膨润土时,不仅可以获得良好的生球性能及成品球强度,预热球强度也可满足生产要求;在0.10%有机粘结剂D和0.50%膨润土的条件下,生球落下强度大于3次/(0.5 m),且爆裂温度大于600℃,成品球强度达到2.6~2.9 kN/个,预热球强度大于400 N/个;有机粘结剂D的应用使球团铁品位明显提高,用0.30%有机粘结剂D完全替代膨润土时,球团铁品位为64.07%,比1.0%膨润土的球团提高0.76%;采用0.10%有机粘结剂D和0.50%膨润土时,球团铁品位为63.74%,比1.0%膨润土球团提高0.43%。     

有机化学教学改革尝试

在高等教育的改革和发展过程中,教学思想的转变、教学方法和教学内容等诸方面的改革是重要内容。重点对有机化学教学中教学方法和教学内容的改革进行了探讨。     

超滤膜去除地下水中硝基苯的试验研究

为解决持久性有机污染物对地下水造成的污染，以硝基苯为研究对象，考察了超滤膜对硝基苯的去除效果及影响因素。试验结果表明，当进水硝基苯浓度为85肛μg/L，超滤膜可以连续工作68h，出水小于17μg/L。地下水中铁、锰离子对去除效果没有显著影响。进水硝基苯浓度对去除效果有显著影响。当进水硝基苯浓度由85μg/L上升至340μg/L时，超滤膜连续工作时间急剧下降，仅为14h；对由硝基苯引起的膜污染，2％CH3，CH3CH2OH清洗效果最佳。作为一项应急处理技术，该工艺可以保障小城镇地区饮水安全。     

北海市经济贝类基本成分和碳氮生源要素含量测定分析

广西沿海贝类资源丰富，在海洋渔业和海洋生态系统中意义重大。为获取用于开展贝类增养殖容量评估，构建食物链网、生源要素和能量流动模型，以及开展北部湾海域海洋牧场建设和碳汇渔业评估的基础数据，本研究对北海市常见的14种经济贝类进行相关数据的测定与分析。实验对从北海市市场收集的14种经济贝类的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)或壳高(SH)、体质量(BM)、壳质量(SM)、软体部质量(MSP)进行测量，并同时对软体部的水分、粗蛋白、能量、碳和氮的含量及稳定同位素丰度等进行测定。实验结果表明，不同贝类的出肉率差别较大，贝壳较薄的大獭蛤(Lutraria maxima)和缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)等可超过70%。双壳贝类的软体部含水率均超过85%，腹足类的软体部含水率不超过81%。贝类的有机碳含量为39.77%-47.36%，氮含量为8.25%-11.80%。双壳贝类中尖紫蛤(Soletellina acuta)δ¹³C最低,华贵栉孔扇贝(Chalamys nobilys)的δ¹³C最高；双壳贝类中华贵栉孔扇贝的δ¹⁵N最低,等边浅蛤(Macridiscus aequilatera)的δ¹⁵N最高。软体部能量含量为16.11-20.81 kJ/g。双壳贝类软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与其壳长(SL,cm)的关系符合指数模型E=a×e^b×SL,腹足类软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与其壳高(SH,cm)的关系符合指数模型E=a×e^b×SH；软体部能量含量(E,kJ)与体质量(BM,g)的关系符合线性公式E=a×BM+b。不同种类的贝类的基本成分和生源要素的特征存在差异，与已有文献报道不同海区的同种贝类相关数据也存在较大差异。因此，在进行生态学相关研究时，数据的收集非常重要，借鉴相关物种的数据要非常谨慎。