2017年土壤重金属污染与修复研究热点回眸

 土壤污染关系着生态环境质量、农产品安全及人体健康,土壤重金属污染与修复是社会发展所赋予的重要研究课题。本文遴选2017年度在重金属污染的来源时空解析、监测和风险评估、过程和形态转化、植物修复机制、植物修复强化调控措施、稳定化修复、修复措施对土壤生物与化学性质影响、重金属污染土壤安全利用等方面的研究进展进行盘点。     

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic assessment of the yttriumhydrogen binary system

A coupled experimental investigation and thermodynamic study of the yttrium-hydrogen(Y-H) binary system were carried out to provide more comprehensive and quantitative insights into the key thermodynamic properties of this system. Y-H system in the full range of H/Y = 0–3.0 was investigated by accurate pressure composition isotherm(PCI) measurement to provide credible phase equilibria information and thermodynamic data.The phase boundaries obtained were in agreement with previous experimental data but with improved accuracy.With the guide of the crystal structures, all the solid phases were modelled using the three sublattice model. The Y-H phase diagram and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and assessed with the CALPHAD technique.The obtained results are in very good agreement with our experimental data and the published data reported in literature. The obtained thermodynamic database of Y-H system can be used to predict the hydrogenation behavior and decomposition temperatures of hydrides.     

Effects of metals and organic compounds on survival and bioaccumulation in two species of marine gammaridean amphipod,together with a summary of toxicological research on this group

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel to the gammaridean amphipods Corophium insidiosum and Elasmopus bampo were measured. At 96 h exposure C. insidiosum was more sensitive to arsenic, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo was more sensitive to cadmium, chromium and copper than C. insidiosum. Over a 20-day period C. insidiosum accumulated greater amounts of chromium, copper, lead and zinc than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo accumulated more cadmium, DDT and PCB than C. insidiosum. The toxicity and bioaccumulation of toxicants to other species of marine gammaridean amphipods are tabulated.     

含N-吗啉乙基茚基配体镱金属配合物的合成、表征及催化性能的研究

用化合物3-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2]C9H7(1)与1当量的n-BuLi反应接着再与过量的Me3SiCl反应,以90%的产率得到1-Me3Si-3-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2]C9H6(2).化合物1、2分别以当量比2:1与化合物[(Me3Si)2N]3YbⅢ(μ-Cl)Li(THF)3在甲苯中回流反应,分别以65%和55%的产率得到二价镱化合物[η5:η1-O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2C9H6]2YbⅡ(3)和[η5:η1-O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2C9H5SiMe3]2YbⅡ(4).化合物2,3,4经过波谱及元素分析表征确认.研究了配合物3和4作为单一组分催化剂催化己内酯聚合反应的催化活性.     

三氯化缬氨酸六水合铒配合物的热分解反应动力学

对三氯化缬氨酸六水合铒配合物进行了合成和EDTA滴定、元素分析、红外光谱分析、熔点测定,利用热重、差热分析等方法推测了配合物的热分解机理.配合物的热分解过程分为热分解失水、氨基酸骨架断裂,最终配合物为稀土碱式盐.对配合物第1、第2步热分解反应进行了非等温动力学研究,两步反应的活化能分别为123.42和222.83 kJ·mol-1,指前因子的对数值分别为36.31和41.00,复杂的反应动力学方程同时被确定.     

低压供电系统中零线断线故障的防护措施

分析了零线断线造成电压偏移而对设备和人身安全带来的严重后果, 提出了重复接地等有效的故障保护措施.     

聚氯乙烯热稳定剂研究新进展

随着人们环保意识的逐渐加强,传统的聚氯乙烯(PVC)热稳定剂,如铅盐类稳定剂已受到了一定的使用限制,因此相应地研究和开发出了一系列新型的PVC热稳定剂,如稀土类、钙锌(Ca/Zn)复合类和有机类热稳定剂.它们几乎是无毒的或低毒的化合物.本文概述了PVC热降解机理,国内外新型热稳定剂的种类、特点及其发展趋势.     

Gd/Nd掺杂对BiFeO3结构和铁电性能的影响

采用快速液相烧结工艺制备了多铁陶瓷材料Bi1-xGdxFeO3(x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15)和Bi1-xNdxFeO3(x=0.00,0.05,0.10),研究了稀土离子Gd/Nd掺杂对多铁材料BiFeO3相结构和铁电性能的影响.X射线衍射谱显示对于Gd/Nd掺杂Bi1-xRxFeO3体系,适量掺杂有助...     

南方典型稻田土壤-水稻系统环境质量评价

为研究南方典型区域稻田土壤—水稻系统中重金属含量,系统采集了江西省进贤县、金溪县、渝水区、高安市、安福县和兴国县等6个水稻主产区典型田块土壤、水稻和灌溉水,重点分析了土壤和水稻铅、镉、砷和汞含量及其土壤养分,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合指数对土壤—水稻系统中重金属含量进行评价。结果表明,研究区稻田土壤pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾总均值分别为5.48、32.99 g/kg、2.06 g/kg、0.54 g/kg、16.04 g/kg、156.71 mg/kg、14.00 mg/kg和94.98 mg/kg。研究区土壤铅、镉、砷和汞含量总均值分别为35.46、0.18、7.21和0.17 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数为0.56,土壤环境质量等级为清洁;但渝水土壤镉含量为0.37 mg/kg,超过限量标准(0.30 mg/kg),土壤环境质量属于警戒状态。研究区糙米铅、镉、砷和汞的含量总均值分别为0.06、0.17、0.24和0.0086 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数均值为0.77,糙米环境质量等级为警戒限;但兴国和渝水糙米镉含量分别为0.22和0.35mg/kg,均超过限量标准(0.20 mg/kg),环境质量等级分别为警戒限和轻度污染。相关性表明,糙米镉与土壤镉和铅呈显著正相关,而与土壤砷呈显著负相关;糙米砷与土壤砷和有效磷呈显著正相关。总之,重金属镉是调查区域水稻安全性最主要的潜在污染元素,需重点关注兴国和渝水两地水稻食品安全。     

基于GIS的线路土石方工程量的快速计算方法

基于GIS道路选线设计系统,提出一种线路中、边桩坐标的快速计算方法移动圆心坐标法.采用最小二乘法将地面线拟合成双向横坡来计算各断面的填挖方面积,提高计算速度的同时,有效保证了计算精度.