基于Petri网的VOCs跨区域流动动态风险评估方法

为了评价污染天气下由于VOCs(volatile organic compounds)跨区域流动产生的区域间的相互影响作用的大小，找出对受污染区域影响较大的路径，结合Petri网模型提出了VOCs跨区域流动动态风险评估方法。利用HYSPLIT模型确定多个潜在污染源与受污染区域的VOCs迁移路径，运用Petri网去描述各个迁移路径之间的关系；将动态风险大小的计算融入到函数Petri网的运行中，定量评估潜在污染源到受污染区域的各条路径的风险程度；案例分析得出污染天气下周边区域对于西安的动态风险评估结果以及各污染路径的潜在风险指数。研究表明，在重污染天气下各个污染源城市对西安的影响程度大小由高到低依次为宝鸡>汉中>西宁>兰州。该方法为评估VOCs跨区域流动过程中潜在污染源的风险程度提供了依据。     

Characteristic investigation of trilayered Cu/Al8011/Al1060 composite: Interface morphology,microstructure, and in-situ tensile deformation

In this work, Cu/Al8011/Al1060 trilayered composite with an ultrathin copper layer was fabricated successfully by the hybrid process of cast-rolling and hot-roll-bonding. The effects of heat treatment were investigated on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the composite. The results showed that annealing temperatures above 300 ​°C led to the formation of new intermetallic compounds that joined their initial counterparts. Also, the interface growth was fast above 340 ​°C. It was found that the annealing temperature of 320 ​°C led to the optimal tensile properties of the composite. Through rolling, hard-brittle IMCs imposed intense plastic strains on the surrounding regions, resulting in further grain refinement of both metals in the vicinity of the interface. Although the kernel average misorientation of the trilayered composite was almost identical with the Cu/Al8011 bimetal, its amount was considerably decreased after heat treatment, as the distorted structure changed into a nearly strain-free one using the restoration phenomenon. The SEM-based in-situ tensile test showed that crack initiation occurred within the IMCs and propagated into the Cu strip, leading to its early fracture. However, the strength-displacement curve during in-situ tensile deformation did not decrease significantly due to the ultrathin copper layer.     

Effects of metals and organic compounds on survival and bioaccumulation in two species of marine gammaridean amphipod,together with a summary of toxicological research on this group

The toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel to the gammaridean amphipods Corophium insidiosum and Elasmopus bampo were measured. At 96 h exposure C. insidiosum was more sensitive to arsenic, zinc, DDT, PCB and the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo was more sensitive to cadmium, chromium and copper than C. insidiosum. Over a 20-day period C. insidiosum accumulated greater amounts of chromium, copper, lead and zinc than E. bampo, whereas E. bampo accumulated more cadmium, DDT and PCB than C. insidiosum. The toxicity and bioaccumulation of toxicants to other species of marine gammaridean amphipods are tabulated.     

含N-吗啉乙基茚基配体镱金属配合物的合成、表征及催化性能的研究

用化合物3-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2]C9H7(1)与1当量的n-BuLi反应接着再与过量的Me3SiCl反应,以90%的产率得到1-Me3Si-3-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2]C9H6(2).化合物1、2分别以当量比2:1与化合物[(Me3Si)2N]3YbⅢ(μ-Cl)Li(THF)3在甲苯中回流反应,分别以65%和55%的产率得到二价镱化合物[η5:η1-O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2C9H6]2YbⅡ(3)和[η5:η1-O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2C9H5SiMe3]2YbⅡ(4).化合物2,3,4经过波谱及元素分析表征确认.研究了配合物3和4作为单一组分催化剂催化己内酯聚合反应的催化活性.     

三氯化缬氨酸六水合铒配合物的热分解反应动力学

对三氯化缬氨酸六水合铒配合物进行了合成和EDTA滴定、元素分析、红外光谱分析、熔点测定,利用热重、差热分析等方法推测了配合物的热分解机理.配合物的热分解过程分为热分解失水、氨基酸骨架断裂,最终配合物为稀土碱式盐.对配合物第1、第2步热分解反应进行了非等温动力学研究,两步反应的活化能分别为123.42和222.83 kJ·mol-1,指前因子的对数值分别为36.31和41.00,复杂的反应动力学方程同时被确定.     

低压供电系统中零线断线故障的防护措施

分析了零线断线造成电压偏移而对设备和人身安全带来的严重后果, 提出了重复接地等有效的故障保护措施.     

热处理条件对IrO2-pH电极性能的影响

在700℃炉冷、870℃空冷和炉冷三种热处理条件下,制备了氧化铱pH微电极,并对比了微电极的线性范围及响应时间.结果表明:热处理条件对Ir氧化物膜的均匀性有很大影响,进而影响其开路电位的稳定性及响应速度.700℃炉冷和870℃空冷制得的电极氧化膜表面粗糙,孔隙率不均匀并伴随有裂纹;而870℃炉冷条件下制得的电极具有表面氧化膜均匀、响应时间短以及线性好等优点.铱氧化物的形成机理是Ir丝被空气中的O2氧化,而高温Li2CO3起到一种溶剂的作用.铱氧化物电极的H+响应是由于电极表面水合氧化铱与溶液中H+发生化学反应,反应为Ir4+与Ir3+之间的转变.     

Serum levels of perfluorinated compounds in the general population in Shenzhen, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been detected in many environmental matrices, biota, and nonoccupationally exposed populations in China recently. However, little is known about the distribution and levels of various PFCs in the general population living in areas where there is PFC exposure. In the present study, the levels and prevalence of ten target PFCs were determined in 227 serum samples from a population of nonoccupationally exposed individuals in Shenzhen, China. Results indicated that human exposure to PFCs was prevalent in Shenzhen. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was the dominant PFC contaminant in the serum samples, with a median concentration of 6.72 ng/mL, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with a median concentration of 2.07 ng/mL. Other PFCs were detected at much lower concentrations, with median concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.87 ng/mL. Statistically, no significant (P>0.05) gender differences were observed for any of the PFCs. Significant (P<0.01) positive correlations were found between age and serum concentrations of the target PFCs, except for perfluorobutane sulfonate (R = 0.16, P = 0.01), perfluorohexanoic acid (R = 0.08, P = 0.22), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (R = 0.11, P = 0.10). Based on the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the total daily intakes of PFOA and PFOS for the general population in Shenzhen were calculated as 0.63 and 0.20 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively.     

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenols in wastewater using deconvolution technology

Phenolic compounds exist widely in the influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) and most are un-regulated. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of 50 phenolic compounds in wastewater was developed. Deconvolution technology was used to identify contaminants that are covered by co-extracted materials. A mass spectral library containing all 50 silylated phenolic compounds was first established and used for deconvolution. Twelve typical phenolic compounds were selected to optimize the sample preparation procedures. Solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge coupled with an HLB cartridge was used for pre-concentration and dichloromethane was used for elution. The solutes were derivatized and analyzed by GC-MS. The blank and matrix spike recoveries ranged from 57.46% to 136.4% and 47.87% to 114.8%, respectively. Method detection limits ranged from 3.64 to 97.64 ng L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations of all the recovery experiments were lower than 13.6%. The instrument limits of quantification ranged from 0.7 to 87.7 pg. The method has been applied to analyze the influents and effluents of 5 Chinese STPs. Except for regulated phenolic compounds (phenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol), three un-regulated phenolic compounds, including 2-chlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-nitrophenol were identified in the effluent wastewater. The detected concentrations of un-regulated phenolic compounds could possibly cause environmental effects, indicating that immediate attention is required to prevent complications.     

聚氯乙烯热稳定剂研究新进展

随着人们环保意识的逐渐加强,传统的聚氯乙烯(PVC)热稳定剂,如铅盐类稳定剂已受到了一定的使用限制,因此相应地研究和开发出了一系列新型的PVC热稳定剂,如稀土类、钙锌(Ca/Zn)复合类和有机类热稳定剂.它们几乎是无毒的或低毒的化合物.本文概述了PVC热降解机理,国内外新型热稳定剂的种类、特点及其发展趋势.