偶应力两层流体通过狭窄管腔时外围层的粘度效应

本文讨论了偶应力两层流体通过带有柔和狭窄的刚圆管时的流动特性,导出了速度、流量、阻抗和壁面最大剪应力的解析式,考察了外围层粘度和厚度的效应,并作了数值计算;是对单层偶应力流体狭窄流动及两层牛顿流体(粘度不同)狭窄流动的推广。     

圆形隧洞周边位移和地层压力预报的简便公式

应用本文所提出的公式可计算地层的初始应力和由开挖引起的洞周位移。预报公式所需要的计算数据是一组相邻测点之间的量测位移,这可通过隧洞的施工监控量测而得到。在推导这些预报公式时,著者先应用一系列的有限元和无限元等数值计算方法来模拟洞室的开挖,从而得到大量的“观测数据”。然后综合应用自动回归和解析方法,建立了实用的计算公式。这些公式使用简便且具有良好的精度。     

Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

正交双向网格图及方向优先算法

目前建筑工程的工程量计算基本上采取的是“统筹法”和“公式法”,这两种方法对工程的概算、预算的精确度及工作效率都产生了那样或这样的问题。本文从建筑图的正向分析开始,进而讨论了工程量计算模型的定义,在定义基础上给出了轴线的方向函数以及方向优先算法和具体实现过程。     

南水北调东线工程调水期洪泽湖水质变化规律分析

为了解南水北调东线工程调水期间洪泽湖水质变化,基于2013—2020年洪泽湖调水期水质监测数据,采用Daniel趋势检验分析水质年变化趋势,通过空间插值得出各湖区水质分布规律,并进一步用主成分分析法分析水质主要污染类型。结果表明：2013—2020年洪泽湖调水期水质在合格至轻度污染之间,TP和TN为主要超标因子;时间上水质有变好趋势,空间上过水区水质最差,但有转好趋势,而成子湖区和溧河洼区有所恶化;污染类型以富营养化污染为主,氮磷营养盐影响较大;水质污染以入湖河流输入和建设用地增加人类活动的污染为主要来源,还伴有偶发污染事故;时间上洪泽湖对东线输水的综合水质有改善趋势,建议进一步加强相关污染防治工作,保护洪泽湖水环境,保障南水北调东线工程输水水质安全。     

均布荷载作用下简支组合梁受力机理分析

为了揭示组合梁在均布荷载作用下的受力机理,考虑弯曲和滑移耦合变形,建立组合梁滑移受力机理模型.首先,以单跨简支组合梁为研究对象,探讨组合梁变形与滑移规律、横截面内力分布及结合部传力机理;然后,分析截面尺度、界面刚度与荷载加载面对组合梁受力机理的影响.结果表明：混凝土板抗剪和抗弯作用在房建组合梁中较明显,在桥梁组合梁中可忽略;随着界面刚度比的增加,简支组合梁的曲率、转角、挠度和滑移均减小;混凝土板和钢梁轴力同步增大,混凝土板剪力增大而钢梁剪力减小,混凝土板、钢梁弯矩减小而轴力力偶增大;结合部界面切向力增大而界面法向力基本不变;相较于按自质量分配荷载,均布荷载由混凝土板承担时界面压力增大,由钢梁承担时则界面受拉,应注意验算界面抗拉拔性能.     

注浆法应用于局部非饱和黄土地基中的适用性

为了探明注浆法应用于黄土地区某既有高层建筑地基加固产生负面作用的原因,用以指导该建筑物进一步的加固工作。本文依托某建筑物纠偏工程讨论了注浆法在局部非饱和黄土地基中的适用性。现场监测了建筑物的沉降、倾斜以及地基土孔隙水压力指标,结合地质条件以及前期加固方案,分析了注浆后地基土承载力不升反降、建筑物沉降速率增大的原因。结果表明：注浆开始后,建筑物沉降速明显增大,且南侧高于北侧,随着施工的暂停和恢复,沉降速率随之减小和增大。最大沉降速率达2.05 mm·d-1,南北两侧最大沉降差达40.78 mm。孔隙水压力变化趋势与沉降速率类似,最大孔隙水压力达990.21 kPa。停止注浆后,地基南侧各处孔隙水压力有所降低,降幅约8.85%~45.56%。注浆使建筑物产生不均沉降的原因为,未凝结浆液中的水在注浆压力和较高的孔隙水压力作用下逐渐渗透到本就排水条件不良的地基土中,且由于地基内初始孔隙水压力及初始排水条件的差异,对地基产生了不均匀的影响,最终体现在建筑物不均匀沉降上。可见对于类似的排水条件不良且孔隙水压力过大的局部非饱和黄土地基,注浆加固前应采取打入排水板、泄压孔等措施消散孔隙水压力,然后再进行注浆施工。     

考虑应力集中的吊车梁多轴疲劳寿命预测

钢结构吊车梁在工业建筑中被广泛应用,应力集中的存在导致几何不连续位置在复杂应力下服役.借助有限元法分析吊车梁应力-应变状态,确定危险点位置,并提取应力、应变分量;以应变能密度作为损伤参量并以最大平面为临界面,基于能量准则建立临界面位置数值计算方法,结合有限元结果给出吊车梁临界面位置;考虑吊车梁在非对称载荷下服役,借助Goodman方程进行平均应力修正,并结合Q355D钢近似S-N曲线计算疲劳寿命.该方法考虑了应力集中处多轴应力对疲劳损伤的影响,可以为复杂应力下几何不连续钢构件的疲劳寿命评估提供新方法.     

Error rates in quadratic discrimination with constraints on the covariance matrices

In multivariate discrimination of several normal populations, the optimal classification procedure is based on quadratic discriminant functions. We compare expected error rates of the quadratic classification procedure if the covariance matrices are estimated under the following four models: (i) arbitrary covariance matrices, (ii) common principal components, (iii) proportional covariance matrices, and (iv) identical covariance matrices. Using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate expected error rates, we study the performance of the four discrimination procedures for five different parameter setups corresponding to standard situations that have been used in the literature. The procedures are examined for sample sizes ranging from 10 to 60, and for two to four groups. Our results quantify the extent to which a parsimonious method reduces error rates, and demonstrate that choosing a simple method of discrimination is often beneficial even if the underlying model assumptions are wrong.The authors wish to thank the editor and three referees for their helpful comments on the first draft of this article. M. J. Schmid supported by grants no. 2.724-0.85 and 2.038-0.86 of the Swiss National Science Foundation.     

轧制带材的瓢曲生成路径

通过建立冷轧带材屈曲失稳后的大位移变形模型,计算出复杂模态的瓢曲浪形生成路径,它包含着实际可能出现的各种附加应力和位移约束条件．实验证明这是可行的板形控制目标理论,解决了高技术轧机的板形设定问题．