浙江基层干群民主素质状况调查和养成新途径探析

浙江省基层干群民主素质状况，既有卓有成效的一面，也有尚待提升的地方。文章在调查问卷数据分析和入户访谈的基础上，借鉴国内外民主发展史的成功经验，从政府主导、学校和社会职责、舆论导向、“民主法治示范村”建设平台等方面，对如何进一步提升基层干群民主素质的新途径作了探析。     

初等教育化学教学中提升学生能力的思考

要根据高等师范专科院校初等教育专业的培养目标,编写符合初等教育专业特点的化学教材.同时化学教学中应从扩大知识视野、提高实验操作技能、养成终身学习习惯等方面提升学生能力,从而培养全能型小学教师.     

论表征形式与教育背景对于概率推断准确性的影响

在本研究中,实验人员就上述两种因素对于一例医疗诊断问题的影响进行了调查,997名不同专业背景的本科学生对于妇女是否患有乳腺癌进行了概率推断.研究所用的诊断题目采用了一种概率格式(probabilistic format)和三种频率格式(frequency format).调查结果显示,具有理科背景的学生综合表现优于文科背景的学生;相比于概率格式,两种频率格式(树状图和表格频率)改善了所有学生的表现,而标准频率格式只提高了理科学生的表现.此次研究为今后概率推断的教育工作提供了更广阔的思路.     

改善水泥混凝土外观质量的方法措施

文中主要从模板制作安装、材料质量、混凝土配合比组成、浇注振捣、养护等施工技术工艺方面论述了解决外观质量缺陷的方法措施。     

四元数矩阵的OR分解及等式约束最小二乘问题

利用Givens′变换给出了四元数矩阵的OR分解,并利用复表示和OR分解解决了2-范数下的四元数矩阵的等式约束最小二乘问题.     

如何提高工程预算的编审质量

本文就如何提高工程预算的编审质量、编制预算应注意的问题、以及审核土建预算的方法提出了一些粗浅的看法。     

预应力混凝土薄壁管桩断桩的处理方法

介绍了预应力混凝土薄壁管桩断桩的处理方法。根据预应力混凝土薄壁管桩断桩的不同成因，分别制定了科学可行的处理方案，处理效果较好。     

广义有限表现模

本文首先引进了广义有限表现模的概念,然后给出了广义有限表现模的结构定理(定理1.3),进而利用广义有限表现模的有限表现维数刻划了凝聚环(推论1.5,定理1.8),最后讨论了广义有限表现模的对偶模以及平坦模的投射性。     

Immune responses to DNA vaccines

DNA vaccines, based on plasmid vectors expressing an antigen under the control of a strong promoter, have been shown to induce protective immune responses to a number of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. They have also displayed efficacy in treatment or prevention of cancer, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. Immunologically, DNA vaccines induce a full spectrum of immune responses that include cytolytic T cells, T helper cells and antibodies. The immune response to DNA vaccines can be enhanced by genetic engineering of the antigen to facilitate its presentation to B and T cells. Furthermore, the immune response can be modulated by genetic adjuvants in the form of vectors expressing biologically active determinants or by more traditional adjuvants that facilitate uptake of DNA into cells. The ease of genetic manipulation of DNA vaccines invites their use not only as vaccines but also as research tools for immunologists and microbiologists. Received 26 October 1998; received after revision 3 December 1998; accepted 3 December 1998     

Immunomodulatory properties of cystatins

Cystatins are natural tight-binding reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Because these cysteine proteases exist in all living organisms and because they are involved in various biological and pathological processes, the control of these protease functions by cystatins is of cardinal importance. Cystatins are found in mammals but cystatin-like molecules are also present in mammals and parasites. In the immune system, cystatins modulate cathepsin activities and antigen presentation. They also induce tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 synthesis, and they stimulate nitric oxide production by interferon γ-activated murine macrophages. In turn, nitric oxide has inhibitory activity on cysteine proteases, especially those from parasitic protozoa. Cystatins isolated from parasitic nematodes also have immunomodulatory activities that are distinguishable from those induced by lipopolysacharide-like molecules from endosymbiotic bacteria. On the whole, cystatins and cystatin-like molecules belong to a new category of immunomodulatory molecules. Doubtless increasing data will improve our knowledge of this property, leading to practical applications in immunotherapy. Received 11 April 2002; accepted 18 April 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.