Occurrence and gut contents of flatworms on fungal sporocarps

Terrestrial flatworms of the family Rhynchodemidae were collected from fungal sporocarps. The frequency of flatworms on sporocarps differed among fungal species. Gut content analysis showed that the flatworms preyed upon fungivorous Collembola or other arthropods on the sporocarps. Fungal materials were observed in flatworm guts but only on the body surface and in the gut of Collembola prey. Basidiospores were observed on the surfaces of the flatworms.     

Emersion behaviour and foraging ecology of the common Chilean clingfish Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces: Gobiesocidae)

The present study is the first to correlate information on emersion behaviour and foraging ecology of Sicyases sanguineus, a common clingfish of the Chilean coast. Individuals smaller than 15 cm in total length were frequently found at the highest points in the inter-tidal zone and consumed inter-tidal animals and seaweeds. Fish larger than 23 cm were infrequently observed emersed in the lower inter-tidal zone, but were collected sub-tidally by divers. These large clingfish ate mainly benthic animals occurring in the low inter-tidal and sub-tidal zones. Size-dependent factors, dessication and wave impact restrict the area of action of S. sanguineus to certain areas of the rocky inter-tidal and shallow sub-tidal zone. However, the fish can be locally very abundant, consuming a great diversity of prey items including both direct primary space users and mobile animals able to affect community structure through grazing. We argue, therefore, that S. sanguineus may be important in structuring communities in some areas of the rocky inter-tidal and shallow subtidal zones of Central Chile.     

前驱体转化法制备复相磷酸钙

对化学沉淀法制备复相磷酸钙过程中无定型磷酸钙（TCP）前驱体（钙磷物质的量比为1.500)和羟基磷灰石（HA）前驱体（钙磷物质的量比为1.667）的相互转化进行了系统研究。结果发现,体系pH=11.0时,TCP前驱体可以继续同一定量的Ca²⁺反应,在24h内完全转化为HA前驱体;相反,HA前驱体与PO^3-₄反应向TCP前驱体转化很慢。应用前驱体转化法制备了钙磷物质的量比分别为1.600和1.636的复相磷酸钙,发现900℃灼烧2h后得到α-TCP/HA复合物,与相同条件下传统化学沉淀法制得的产物α-TCP/β-TCP/HA有一定差别。     

变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)的耐饥能力与食性研究

变色沙蜥于2004年7月采自新疆准噶尔盆地南缘沙漠地区,成体在夏季有较强的耐饥能力,在提供饮水条件下的耐饥能力为45～52d,平均为48.5d,在不提供饮水条件下的耐饥能力为17-24d左右,平均20．3d。以胃内容物分析法研究其食性,结果显示在夏季的食物主要是蚂蚁,占食物总量的84％,其次是步行虫,占11％。     

Culture of a new medicinal leech: growth,survival and reproduction of Hirudo orientalis Utevsky and Trontelj, 2005 under laboratory conditions

The increasing demands for medicinal leeches around the world has increased the need for new sources of leeches. To assess the feasibility of culturing a new medicinal leech species, growth, survival and reproduction of Hirudo orientalis was investigated under laboratory conditions (28°C; 9.5D:14.5L light regime; monthly feeding by sheep blood) from hatching until sexual maturity. Several interesting results emerged from this study. (1) The first copulation was observed in 5.5-month-old leeches and cocoon deposition started by six months. (2) Cocoon length and diameter did not differ significantly between six- and nine-month-old leeches, but the percentage of leeches depositing cocoons was significantly higher in the nine-month old group. (3) The growth curve was saltatory, similar to other sanguivorous species. The mean (±SE) wet weight of 6-month-old individuals was 4.70 (±0.86) g. (4) Weight gain rate decreased with increasing age. (5) Mortality only occurred in the one-, seven- and eight-month age groups at the rate of 5.7%, 23.1% and 14.3%, respectively.     

山地麻蜥春秋季食性的研究

１９９８年１０月和１９９９年５月在徐州市南郊牛头山对山地麻蜥进行了食性统计,据３６只山地麻蜥胃的剖检,食物大部分为昆虫;春季,１４只蜥蜴胃中,昆虫出现频次为３４,占频次总数的８０．９５％,检出食物８５只,占食物总只数的８７．６３％;秋季２２只蜥蜴胃中昆虫出现频次为５０,占频次总数的９４．３４％,检出食物５７６只,占食物总只数的９９．１４％。     

论近代以来国家与农民关系的演变

1840年以来,随着中国国家性质的剧烈变化,国家与农民的关系以及中间环节(乡村基层组织)也发生了根本性变化,乡村出现了衰败动荡的局面。后北洋政府、国民党政府,都没有解决乡村治理和经济衰败问题,这为中国共产党发动农民革命提供了成功的条件。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后,中国共产党通过彻底的土地改革,实现了将现代政府权力下延到乡村、直接面对农民的乡村治理结构。"人民公社"虽能有效控制农民,但不能激励农民的生产积极性,导致了在后来的改革中放弃"政社合一"的人民公社制度。2004年以来,中国进入了工业"反哺"农业、城市支持乡村的新的历史时期,国家与农民关系由以"取"为主向以"予"为主转变,中国农村的基层治理目标和职能也发生了根本性变化。这种历史性的变化,要求我们在农村基层治理结构和政策方面做出相应调整,以保证国家"反哺"资金发挥出应有的效益,这也是今天建设社会主义新农村面临的最重要的问题之一。     

切除眼柄对日本囊对虾亲虾摄食、性腺发育及能量转化的影响

在水温(22.5±2.50)℃,盐度30～32,pH 7.8～8.3,光照1 000 lx的条件下,分别对切除眼柄和未切除眼柄的台湾海峡日本囊对虾亲虾(平均体长(19.2 ±0.95) cm,平均体质量(82.7±10.57) g)进行为期30 d的摄食、性腺发育及能量转化的初步研究.结果表明:1)实验组(切除眼柄)日本囊对虾的摄食量与摄食强度均高于对照组(未切除眼柄),夜间摄食强度分别为白天的1.39倍和1.28倍(p＜0.01);促熟期间实验组亲虾摄食量保持上升之势,而对照组为上升与下降交替出现.2)实验结束时,实验组和对照组性腺指数(GSI)的增幅分别为504.07%和91.42%(p＜0.01);性腺的干/湿质量比值(G_d/m)亦为实验组高于对照组,但二者之间差异不显著(p＞0.05).3)实验结束时,实验组和对照组亲虾的躯体能值(E_b)均略有下降,性腺能值(E_g)实验组增幅大于对照组,且两组之间差异极显著(p＜0.01),从能值的角度来看,繁殖期间的亲虾表现为负生长;实验过程中,饵料转化效率(FCE)实验组和对照组分别为10.17%和1.76%,饵料能量转化效率(ECE)分别为14.30%和2.37%,均为实验组大于对照组. 说明切除眼柄可以提高日本囊对虾亲虾的摄食量和摄食强度、促进性腺发育并提高其能量转化效率,亲虾性腺发育期间的能量除主要由食物转化之外,还消耗了机体其它组织器官的储能.由此可以了解日本囊对虾亲虾繁殖期间的摄食规律、性腺发育情况和能量转化特点并为其养殖阶段的科学管理提供理论依据.     

延迟投饵对花尾胡椒鲷仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

2001年4月至5月在集美大学海水养殖试验场对延迟投饵的花尾胡椒鲷仔鱼的摄食、生长与存活进行了观察．结果表明：在盐度24．0—24．8，温度18．5—22．8℃时，仔鱼4日龄开口．开口当天投饵，仔鱼未摄食．仔鱼延迟投饵1、2、3、4d时，投饵后2h内的摄食率分别为65％、60％、25％、15％，投饵后2h内平均每尾仔鱼的摄食量分别为0．95、0．80、0．35、0．20个轮虫，而延迟投饵5d、6d的仔鱼的摄食率均为0。完全投饵组6日龄、8日龄仔鱼的全长分别比完全饥饿组仔鱼长0.068mm和0．222mm．在仔鱼开口后4d内，各组仔鱼的死亡率差异不大；开口4d后，各组仔鱼死亡率差异越来越大；开口后第6d，延迟投饵0—3d的仔鱼的存活率在43．3％以上，而延迟投饵4d以上的各组仔鱼的存活率均低于16．7％．花尾胡椒鲷仔鱼在开口后第4d进入PNR期．     

竹子开花后大熊猫的觅食行为与容纳量

1983年卧龙自然保护区大熊猫喜食的冷箭竹大面积开花枯死,受灾面积占82.2%。开花后大熊猫的觅食行为初是由喜食冷箭竹老笋改为竹秆,2年后下移采食未开花的拐棍竹。受灾初期大熊猫种群数量接近容纳量,1978年以后由于拐棍竹增生,其数量约低于容纳量.本文阐明了区域性的容纳量和如何挽救它们,为保护管理提供了理论依据。