小麦太谷核不育F1轮选群体扬花期与株高的遗传控制

用同一太谷核不育（Tal）小麦的不育株TaIS65（共同遗传背景）为母本,同时与纯合矮秆、杂合矮秆、纯合高秆、杂合高秆的父本杂交,配制成4种不同的组合类型。对4个杂交组合的F₁群体的扬花期和株高遗传分析表明:在Tal轮选群体中,开放授粉随机互交的轮选结果,只能使杂种后代朝着高秆、晚熟的变异方向发展,这是由于Tal材料自身的生物学特点造成的。要提高Tal轮选改良的育种效率,必须选择控制父本的花粉来源,并采取人工控制杂交措施,才能有效地克服由Tal材料自身的生物学特点带来的不利影响,实现各种有利基因型间充分的杂交重组。     

广西雅长林区铁坚油杉种群结构分布研究

【目的】掌握广西雅长林场林区内铁坚油杉(Keteleeria davidiana)天然林的种群变化趋势,为该种群在桂西北地区的保护、恢复和利用提供参考。【方法】采用统计学方法,在林区内选定4个代表性样地,从大小级、空间分布格局和种群更新方式3个方面,比较不同样地铁坚油杉种群变化的差异。【结果】4个样地铁坚油杉种群的大小级结构各都不完整,均出现不同程度的缺失现象。4个样地铁坚油杉种群的大小级结构不相同,分别为衰退型、增长型、成熟型和稳定型。铁坚油杉纯林的种群以集群分布为主,铁坚油杉混交林的种群则以均匀分布为主; 在2 m×2 m和4 m×4 m网格尺度下,相同样地的铁坚油杉种群空间分布格局发生变化,铁坚油杉纯林由均匀分布向聚集分布转化,铁坚油杉混交林由聚集分布向均匀分布转化。自然条件下,4个样地的铁坚油杉种群的更新主要依靠种子繁殖来实现,其次为萌蘖繁殖。【结论】广西雅长林场林区内铁坚油杉种群的大小级、空间分布格局和种群更新方式的动态变化主要受其林分的群落结构和郁闭度的影响,因地制宜是保护、恢复和利用该种群的有效措施。     

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang

The archaeological site of Sampula cemetery was located about 14 km to the southwest of the Luo County in Xinjiang Khotan, China, belonging to the ancient Yutian kingdom. ¹⁴C analysis showed that this cemetery was used from 217 B.C. to 283 A.D. Ancient DNA was analyzed by 364 bp of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I (mtDNA HVR-I), and by six restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites of mtDNA coding region. We successfully extracted and sequenced intact stretches of maternally inherited mtDNA from 13 out of 16 ancient Sampula samples. The analysis of mtDNA haplogroup distribution showed that the ancient Sampula was a complex population with both European and Asian characteristics. Median joining network of U3 sub-haplogroup and multi-dimensional scaling analysis all showed that the ancient Sampula had maternal relationship with Ossetian and Iranian.     

Genetic basis of some morphological differences between temperate and equatorial populations ofDrosophila melanogaster

The genetic basis of three morphological traits (ovariole number, sternopleural bristle number and wing length) ofDrosophila melanogaster has been investigated in natural populations that show great differences in these traits, i. e. Bordeaux (France) and Loua (Congo). F1 and F2 crosses, and chromosome substitutions between these two populations, were analysed. Maternal and/or X chromosome effects were found for sternopleural bristle number and wing length. For all traits, significant effects from each of the three chromosomes were found, but in general only one or two chromosomes had a major effect. Moreover, in all cases significant interactions between chromosomes were observed, suggesting the existence of epistatic effects. Our results are discussed and compared to those obtained from the analysis of selected laboratory strains.     

褐马鸡地理种群的遗传多样性研究

从分子遗传学角度对采自陕西省黄龙县和河北小五台山两个地区的褐马鸡种群进行了研究,完成了上述两个地区褐马鸡线粒体控制区的全序列测序,并与GenBank中搜索的马鸡属的其它三个种的同源序列进行比对分析.综合考虑该区域的地质历史背景和本研究得到的上述两地区褐马鸡与蓝马鸡的遗传距离分析,研究认为由于0.15 MaBP黄河切穿三门峡后东流入海以及历史上的人类活动,导致原来连续的褐马鸡分布区域分隔,并逐渐分化成不同的地理种群.研究还指出褐马鸡种群内遗传多样性极低,并建议褐马鸡和蓝马鸡应为同种不同色型.     

近二十年来明清西南人口迁移史研究概述

本文从移民的过程与原因,类型与特点,移民的分布与发展,移民对经济、环境、文化生活的影响,移民政策,流向等六个方面对二十年来明清西南人口迁徙史研究作了概述.     

三重测交与小麦群体遗传分析

本研究对三重测交分析模式做了理论推演,并据此对两套小麦群体材料进行了遗传变异与基因效应—环境互作分析。结果表明:虽然加性—显性模式对大部分性状合适,但上位效应对产量性状的作用不可低估。加性效应在各性状中均为显著或极显著;显性效应在大多数性状中相当重要。而且,加性遗传方差估值多大于显性方差,前者的估值稳定性也明显大于后者。参试性状均表现显著的基因效应—环境互作。加性、显性效应对环境差异的敏感程度相近;但不同类型的上位效应与环境互作的表现不同,其中ad型和dd型与环境的互作更为明显。本研究中aa型上位效应作用较小,ad与dd型居多。试验证明,模式Ⅴ和Ⅶ较为妥善,可在遗传育种研究中广泛应用。     

Ancient DNA sequences reveal unsuspected phylogenetic relationships within New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae)

Ancient DNA sequences from preserved specimens are increasingly being used for the investigation of Pacific Island ecosystems prior to the large scale modification and extinction of endemic biota associated with human colonization. However, many difficulties are associated with the use of ancient DNA sequences in studies of genetically close taxa. In this paper, these difficulties are discussed as they relate to a study involving extinct and extant members of an ancient New Zealand avian family, the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae).Sequences of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit RNA gene (12S) were obtained from museum specimens of several wren taxa in order to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic status of a rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) subspecies. Limitations due to sample size and 12S sequence variability as well as the difficulties in authenticating ancient DNA sequences prevent firm conclusions but the data suggest unsuspected phylogenetic relationships exist and raise the possibility that conservation management of rock wren populations is required.     

缙云山森林次生演替序列优势种群的生态位

通过１９８６年和１９９６年对缙云山森林次生演替序列中四种群落类型的重复调查，用两种公式计测生态位宽度，研究演替序列优势种群的基础生态位和实际生态位．结果表明，实际生态位侧重于物种对特定资源的利用能力，基础生态位侧重于物种的生态幅度．在缙云山森林次生演替序列中，各个优势种群的生态位宽度不同，森林先锋种的最宽实际生态位比演替顶极种窄，基础生态位则相反     

基于SSR分子标记的广西极小种群野生植物长叶苏铁遗传多样性分析

了解广西区内的国家一级重点保护植物长叶苏铁（Cycas dolichophylla K.D.Hill）的遗传多样性和变异特征对广西长叶苏铁的保护和管理有着重要意义。本研究利用筛选出的6对稳定性好的SSR引物对分别来自广西百色市田阳县梅茶镇（PL）、德保县那甲镇（NL）和德保县城关镇（QH）的3个长叶苏铁种群的遗传多样性和变异特征进行分析。结果表明：6对引物中,高度多态性引物（GZST055、GZST065、GZST088）和低度多态性引物（GZST002、GZST013、GZST019）各占50%。广西长叶苏铁3个种群的平均观测等位基因为2.833,平均有效等位基因为2.005,平均Shannon信息指数为0.657,平均观测杂合度为0.259,平均期望杂合度为0.359。群体的遗传分化系数为0.049,说明群体间遗传分化小,且群体内遗传变异占所有遗传变异的97%,3个种群的基因交流频繁且遗传背景相互混杂。总体来看,广西长叶苏铁遗传多样性水平较低,而德保县那甲镇（NL）种群的遗传多样性相对最高,应将该种群作为重点保护单元进行保护。本研究还对广西长叶苏铁资源保护工作提出了建议和对策。