飞秒激光参数对三态梯度型分子态布居数的影响

 利用含时波包法研究并且首次量化了强飞秒泵浦-探测激光场中泵浦场强、泵浦波长和脉宽对三态梯度型K₂分子态布居数的影响。泵浦场强、泵浦波长和脉宽影响Rabi振荡,而Rabi振荡的变化又导致了基态和激发态布居数周期性变化。量化这3个激光场参数对激发态布居数的影响验证了此周期性变化规律,表明变化频率随着泵浦场强和脉宽的增大而变化。研究表明调节激光场参数可实现对态布居数的选择性分布,可以为实验上实现分子的光控制提供重要参考。     

川渝黔地区山羊起源于A和B两母系遗传谱系

本研究旨在从DNA水平揭示四川、重庆和贵州地区山羊的母系起源和群体遗传特征.通过对川渝黔地区13个山羊品种(类群)共152个体或序列mtDNA D-loop高变区HVI片段(481 bp)变异的分析,结合13个山羊参考序列(分属于A、B、C、D、F和G单倍群)构建系统进化树和单倍型网络分析以及不同单倍群群体扩张分析,结果表明:152只山羊mtDNA DloopHVI序列被类聚为A和B两个单倍群,其中单倍群B又分化为B1和B2两亚单倍群.从2种单倍群的地理分布特征可以发现,北川白山羊和阿坝藏山羊全部属于单倍群A,而其他山羊品种中单倍群A和B具有不同的分布频率.归并于A和B两个谱系的山羊并没有历经种群扩张.结果提示,川渝黔地区山羊可能起源于A和B两母系遗传谱系,而谱系B虽然分化为B1和B2两支系,但均未历经种群扩张.     

Statistical method for mapping QTLs for complex traits based on two backcross populations

Most important agronomic and quality traits of crops are quantitative in nature.The genetic variations in such traits are usually controlled by sets of genes called quantitative trait loci (QTLs),and the interactions between QTLs and the environment.It is crucial to understand the genetic architecture of complex traits to design efficient strategies for plant breeding.In the present study,a new experimental design and the corresponding statistical method are presented for QTL mapping.The proposed mapping population is composed of double backcross populations derived from backcrossing both homozygous parents to DH (double haploid) or RI (recombinant inbreeding) lines separately.Such an immortal mapping population allows for across-environment replications,and can be used to estimate dominance effects,epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interactions,remedying the drawbacks of a single backcross population.In this method,the mixed linear model approach is used to estimate the positions of QTLs and their various effects including the QTL additive,dominance,and epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interaction effects (QE).Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method and to assess the accuracy and efficiency of its estimations.The results showed that the proposed method could estimate the positions and the genetic effects of QTLs with high efficiency.     

Does the river blenny Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801) (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) still survive on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus?

The river blenny (Salaria fluviatilis) is rarely mentioned in the natural history literature of Cyprus. This has led to doubts about its existence there. Mistakes with mismatched fish collections have occurred in the past, so it is worth asking whether the recorded specimens are actually from Cyprus and whether the species survives there today. Archived correspondence from the original specimen collector confirms that the record of S. fluviatilis on Cyprus is genuine, yet our extensive surveys there during the last 4 years have failed to locate the fish. A review of the species’ Mediterranean island distribution shows that it exists on 10 islands that are either close to the mainland or are relatively very large in areal extent. Although the mystery of S. fluviatilis survival on Cyprus lingers, efforts must be made to survey all potential habitats and consider planning a re-introduction project if the population is confirmed as extinct.     

岷江干旱河谷主要草本种群生态位研究

在对岷江干旱河谷植被及其环境因子系统取样调查的基础上,研究了20种主要草本种群在土壤水分、全N、速效P、速效K和pH 5个资源维上的生态位特征。绵枣儿、铁扫帚、翻白委陵菜、黄背草、密生苔草的生态位宽度较高,对环境有较强的适应能力,形成了该地区的优势种群;猪毛莱、紫花野茅,歧茎蒿、虱子草等种群的生态位宽度较小。生态位宽度较小的物种并非就不是群落的优势种,取决于种群分布的范围和分布的均匀程度。种群在各个资源维上的生态位宽度表明对不同资源空间的利用能力和适应性不尽相同。各个资源维上所有种群生态位宽度和的大小依次为土壤含水量〉pH〉速效K〉全N〉速效P,表明物种对速效P资源的利用能力较低,对土壤含水量的利用能力较高,草本物种对水分资源的利用能力高于灌木物种。     

极小种群野生植物白花兜兰的分布现状及生境研究

为有效保护极小种群野生植物白花兜兰Paphiopedilum emersonii,采用查阅资料、走访和实地调查相结合的方法,调查白花兜兰的地理分布、生境和资源现状,并对其分布区气候特征、土壤养分和植被等进行分析。结果表明,白花兜兰主要分布在广西河池市宜州区、环江县、罗城县、都安县和贵州荔波县的石灰岩山上,位于107°53''-108°35'' E,23°56''-25°19'' N,垂直分布高度为224-850 m,其中535-743 m较为常见。分布区气候温暖湿润,年均温为15.3-21.5℃,最高气温为40℃,最低气温为-10℃;年降水量为1 388.7-1 752.5 mm,多集中于4-8月,年均相对湿度为75%-83%。白花兜兰种群位于坡度大于30°山体的中上部,植株生长于荫蔽度大于60%的岩壁上,土壤稀少。种群受到不同程度的人为干扰,个体数量不足100丛,并以1-20丛居多;80%种群的植株年龄老化,属于衰退型种群。少数位于潮湿环境的种群生长有大量种子幼苗,具有一定自然更新能力。种群土壤主要为黑色石灰土,pH值为7.95-8.27,有机质、全氮、水解性氮和交换性钙含量丰富,其他元素含量较低。保护区内种群所在群落植被保存良好,保护区外原始植被破坏严重。群落植被由分布于49科80属的94个物种组成,且广西和贵州分布区的植被种类相似度极低。调查新发现白花兜兰野生种群6个,扩大了分布范围和资源数量。潮湿环境有利于白花兜兰种子自然萌发。本研究基本掌握了白花兜兰的地理分布、资源状况和主要生态特征,为其资源保护和引种栽培提供了科学依据。     

A comparison between two distance-based discriminant principles

A distance-based classification procedure suggested by Matusita (1956) has long been available as an alternative to the usual Bayes decision rule. Unsatisfactory features of both approaches when applied to multinomial data led Goldstein and Dillon (1978) to propose a new distance-based principle for classification. We subject the Goldstein/Dillon principle to some theoretical scrutiny by deriving the population classification rules appropriate not only to multinomial data but also to multivariate normal and mixed multinomial/multinormal data. These rules demonstrate equivalence of the Goldstein/Dillon and Matusita approaches for the first two data types, and similar equivalence is conjectured (but not explicitly obtained) for the mixed data case. Implications for sample-based rules are noted.     

Between-group analysis with heterogeneous covariance matrices: The common principal component model

Analysis of between-group differences using canonical variates assumes equality of population covariance matrices. Sometimes these matrices are sufficiently different for the null hypothesis of equality to be rejected, but there exist some common features which should be exploited in any analysis. The common principal component model is often suitable in such circumstances, and this model is shown to be appropriate in a practical example. Two methods for between-group analysis are proposed when this model replaces the equal dispersion matrix assumption. One method is by extension of the two-stage approach to canonical variate analysis using sequential principal component analyses as described by Campbell and Atchley (1981). The second method is by definition of a distance function between populations satisfying the common principal component model, followed by metric scaling of the resulting between-populations distance matrix. The two methods are compared with each other and with ordinary canonical variate analysis on the previously introduced data set.     

Genetic diversity in Penaeus chinensis shrimp as revealed by RAPD technique

The random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity in one successively cultivated stock and three wild stocks of Penaeus chinensis shrimp, two of which were collected from the spawning and wintering grounds in the west coast of Korean Peninsula, and one from the feeding ground in the China coast of the Yellow Sea. A random primer kit was employed to scan the genomic DNA in 20 individuals of each index stock. A total of 110 reproducible RAPD markers were obtained, 68.2 % of which showed a sound eonformability within all the individuals detected, implying that the genetic variability in P. chinensis is relatively low. The proportions of polymorphic loci among these four stocks ranged from 20% to 33.3%, while the degrees of genetic polymorphisms varied from 0.0093 to 0.0307. The genetic variability of inter-stocks was higher than that of intra-stock. The genetic diversity in different stocks differed from each other; that is, a less genetic differentiation in the spawning and wintering stocks from the west coast of Korean Peninsula was revealed and their genetic diversities were higher than that of the spawning stock in the Bohai Sea and the China coast of the Yellow Sea. As detected, the genetic diversity in the successively cultivated stock was the lowest among these four stocks. Through genetic distance analysis between a random pair of individuals, a dendrogram of the above-mentioned four stocks was constructed by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. The results based on cluster analysis well fitted with the geographical distribution of P. chinensis in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.     

Strong phenological differences between two populations of a Neotropical funnel-web wolf spider

Comparisons of phenological patterns among populations within a species are uncommon in arachnids. Aglaoctenus lagotis is a wolf spider that lives in funnel-webs across South America. The aim of this study was to describe the phenological patterns of two distant populations of A. lagotis (central Argentina, CA, and southern Uruguay, SU). Individuals of each population were sighted along transects, every month for two years. The CA and SU populations differed in their phenological patterns (Wald χ² = 966.94, df = 66; p <0.001). The CA population showed a spring–summer unified reproductive season and immature individuals overwintered. SU showed the sexual period during autumn, the maternal period during spring–summer and the females, mostly mated, overwintered. These strong differences imply temporal isolation in mating possibilities between both populations. The differences encountered could be due to phenotypic plasticity or have a phylogenetic basis. Interpopulation studies of other features of A. lagotis would show whether they also vary, suggesting speciation.