Specific anti-tumor effect induced by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expressing extracellular region of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

The purposes of this research were to study the stable expression of exogenous gene encoding therapeutic protein in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium, observe the metabolism of oral gene vaccine carried by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium in BALB/c mouse, and investigate the feasibility of prevention and treatment of tumors by the recombinant bacteria. Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 VEGFR2(n1-7) was transformed into competent attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 to develop oral DNA vaccine SL3261-pcDNA3.1 VEGFR2(n1-7). To observe whether the exogenous gene can be expressed in the recombinant bacteria, PCR was performed to amplify the CMV promoter of the eukaryotic expression vector as the proof of stable expression of exogenous protein; transmission elec- tron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe the morphology of the recombinant bacteria to confirm that the exogenous gene has no impact on the growth of the bacteria, and then BALB/c mice were immunized with the gene vaccine. After inoculation of the gene vaccine, the recombinant bacteria SL3261 could be detected in the tissues such as small intestine, colon, liver and spleen. And then, mice in each group were challenged with tumor cells. The results of animal experiment showed that tumor growth of the mice in experimental group was inhibited and survival time of immunized mice was prolonged compared with control groups. A higher lymphocyte infiltration in tumors from animals treated with DNA vaccine was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor samples revealed an en- hanced accumulation of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as an increase in CD4 cells in the tumors of animals treated with the oral gene vaccine compared to tumors from control group mice. Ultrastructure of the tumor tissue showed that tumor cells in the samples of the immunized mice were well-differentiated. Our research confirmed that the exogenous gene can be stably expressed in the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and has no impact on the growth of the recombinant bacteria; the exogenous gene can de delivered to the host by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to produce anti-tumor effect with no obvious cytotoxity to the host. In this study, it is established that attenuated Salmonella typhimurium could be used as a vector for oral gene vaccine, and our study provided a theoretical basis for the body distribution and the metabolism of the recombinant bacteria. This strategy may provide a simple, safe and effective way for the prevention and treatment of tumors.     

Immunogenetics

Summary The 1985 Catalog of Mapped Genes (Human Gene Mapping 8; 33) has been used to pick out the known, immunologically important genes; these are then discussed in the following order: 1. genes controlling organs, tissues and cells of the immune apparatus, 2. genes determining self structures, 3. genes determining the structures of immunological specificity, 4. genes determining substances with immunoregulatory and effector properties. The symbols for the genes and the biological functions of their products are explained. The genetics of the ABO blood groups, of the HLA-system and of antibody formation are given in rather more detail.     

Morphological,biochemical and molecular changes during ectomycorrhiza development

Summary An ectomycorrhiza, a specialized root organ, is the result of a complex interaction leading to a finely-tuned symbiosis between a plant and a compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus. Ultrastructural observations combined with cytochemical and biochemical studies reveal that structural and metabolic changes in the symbiont cells lead to the final phenotype of the active ectomycorrhiza. In the present review these changes are interpreted as changes in gene expression and discussed within the context of ectomycorrhiza development. Recent genetic data indicate that the continued vegetative growth of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the root tissues, and their ability to switch to symbiotic organ formation, is basically controlled by developmentally critical genes. The activity of these symbiotic genes during the differentiation of ectomycorrhizas is associated with extensive changes in the concentration of particular polypeptides and protein biosynthesis. The present state of knowledge about the developmental biology of ectomycorrhizas allows only speculation about the events during their development.Puisant mes forces aux sources des galaxies En buvant la sève des arbres M. Jonasz     

生命科学研究的若干重大进展

简要介绍了生命科学研究的若干重大进展,包括我国基因剔除技术获重大突破、小麦小染色体研究取得重大进展、利用基因工程技术制造新的微生物以及脊椎神经生长开发将使残疾人恢复肢体运动等.     

新基因ZNF325在人类早期胚胎中的表达

锌指蛋白基因家族是人类最大的基因家族之一，目前已知的很多转录调控因子都是锌指蛋白成员^[1]。初步克隆了一个与RBAK基因有着高度同源性的人类C2H2型锌指蛋白新基因，经国际基因命名委员会批准命名为ZNF325，此基因位于染色体7p22，长2697个碱基，含5个外显子，在基因组DNA上长15kb。它编码的蛋白质全长462个氨基酸，含15个C2H2型的锌指。Northern Bolt分析表明该基因在人类早期胚胎的各个组织中普遍表达，在肺和脑中的表达水平最强，但在肝中的表达随着胚胎的发育而逐渐减少。它的结构和表达特征预示着它编码的是一个具DNA结合功能的转录调控因子。     

转美洲拟鲽抗冻蛋白基因(afp)番茄D4代植株可溶性蛋白分析

对转美洲拟鲽抗冻蛋白基因（afp）的第四代番茄及其对照经低温处理后，对幼苗叶片组织可溶性蛋白进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析和紫外吸收法测定含量。发现转基因各组经低温诱导后的可溶性蛋白均比对照明显增加，聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱发生变化。其中A-Ⅲ区电泳谱带迁移率加快，C区和B区语带染色加深．说明导入的afp基因已经表达，并使番茄获得抗寒性。     

把基因分析引进人类学——人类学学者访谈录之三十九

结合自身的研究,探讨了遗传学在人类学的应用及前景问题,如体质人类学、医学人类学、分子人类学、考古人类学等分支领域。     

Strategy for the mapping of interactive genes using bulked segregant analysis method and Mapmaker/Exp software

A qualitative trait is usually controlled by a single gene, but it may be sometimes controlled by two or even more genes. This phenomenon is called gene interaction. Rapidly searching for linked mo- lecular markers via bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and then constructing regional linkage map with Mapmaker/Exp has become a common approach to mapping single major genes. However, methods and computer programs developed for mapping single major genes cannot be simply applied to interactive genes because the genetic patterns of gene interac- tions are quite different from that of single-gene in- heritance. Up to now, experimental methods for quickly screening molecular markers linked to inter- active genes and statistical methods and corre- sponding computer softwares for simultaneously analyzing the linkage relationships of multiple mo- lecular markers to an interactive gene have not been available. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a strategy for mapping interactive genes using BSA and Mapmaker/Exp. We demonstrate that all interactive genes can be mapped by the 'BSA Mapmaker/Exp' strategy using F2 generation (in a few cases, F3 generation is also needed). As BSA and Mapmaker/Exp have been broadly used in gene mapping studies and are well known by many re- searchers, the strategies proposed in this paper will be useful for practical researches.     

以mRNA差异显示法分离牙鲆白化相关基因的初步研究

以正常和白化牙鲆表皮组织总RNA为模板,用Oligo d(T)13M(M分别为A、C、G)3种锚定引物和26种差异显示随机引物组合进行差异显示,PAGE凝胶电泳后,用新型高灵敏度核酸荧光染料SYBR GREEN I显示差异DNA条带,得到区分度较好的差异表达图谱,共分离49条牙鲆白化相关DNA片段,片段长度260～800bp左右,经克隆测序后将可作为新的ESTs进行同源序列比较.     

基因组研究离诠释生命奥妙还有多远

基因组研究表明，人类与黑猩猩和老鼠的基因序列98％以上是相同的，是否是这1％～2％的基因的差异，就决定了人与黑猩猩和老鼠在表现型方面很大的差异?本文通过大量分析表明，由碱基(5个)→核酸[DNA→RNA(mRNA、rRNA、tRNA)]→氨基酸(22种)→蛋白质(数百千种)→染色体→基因组→性状，其遗传变异信息有逐级放大的过程。这是生物间基因序列虽然有98％甚至99％的相同，但表现型差异却较大的原因所在。基因序列完全相同，并不能说明基因功能相同，基因组研究的结果不能完全诠释基因功能表达的复杂过程。今后必将由序列基因组学→结构基因组学→功能基因组学→蛋白质组学深入发展，必须从网络层次研究基因表达，才能揭示生命的奥妙。另外我们使用的各种基因组研究技术和软件还有待改进，才能真正反映生物基因的差异。