增强-染色复合改性杨木的强度和耐光色牢度

【目的】通过木材增强-染色联合改性,提高人工林杨木的物理力学和装饰性能,为人工林速生软质木材的高效增值利用提供技术支持。【方法】将水溶性低分子质量三聚氰胺脲醛树脂(MUF)与酸性大红G复配得到复合染色剂,通过真空加压浸渍处理,对杨木进行增强-染色一体化改性,测试改性材颜色、强度、氙光老化等性能,并利用SEM分析其微观性状。【结果】增强-染色复合改性材的Δa^*、Δb^*、ΔC^*、ΔL^*与ΔE^*等色差指标与水染材基本一致; 复合染色材表面与内部颜色差异小于水染材。与未处理材相比,增强-染色复合改性材的密度、抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)和抗压强度分别提高了38.2%、6.28%、20.67%和48.87%,与树脂增强改性材相当。SEM分析结果表明,MUF改性材和复合改性材细胞腔和细胞间隙被改性剂填充; 与水染材相比,复合改性材中的染料颗粒分布更均匀。耐光色率度测试结果表明水染材颜色在10 h内变化最快,50 h开始趋于平缓; 增强-染色复合改性材在光照50～75 h颜色变化加快,75 h后趋于稳定,其耐光色牢度比水染材提高了28.3%。【结论】染料的添加对树脂MUF的增强改性作用无明显影响,染料的加入也不影响水溶性低分子质量MUF树脂的高渗透性,树脂填充细胞腔和细胞间隙使得两种改性材的密度和力学强度均大大提高,树脂对染料的包覆和固结使得复合染色材的耐水色牢度明显提高,增强-染色复合改性材比水染材具有更好的耐光色牢度。将木材功能性改良与染色相结合的杨木增强-染色一体化改性技术,能显著改善速生杨木材料的物理力学和装饰性能。     

Conservation in a changing landscape: habitat occupancy of the critically endangered Tennent’s leaf-nosed lizard (Ceratophora tennentii) in Sri Lanka

Landscape modification is a key driver of global species extinction. Thus, understanding how species react to changes is essential for effective conservation management in modified landscapes. We examined the impact of selected land use patterns on the critically endangered Ceratophora tennentii in the Knuckles mountain range of Sri Lanka where lizards occupy patches of both natural undisturbed forests and modified plantations – evidently, those with a forest canopy. We tested three potential explanations for non-random habitat selection: availability of suitable microhabitat pockets, availability of prey and direct threats from humans. The microhabitat pockets occupied by the lizards were characterised by shade, humidity and the density of perches. Most lizards were found in mixed cardamom forests followed by natural forests and cardamom plantations, but none were observed in the pine plantations. Food availability showed similar patterns among habitats. Direct mortality by humans did not influence the distribution of this species. Our work indicates that habitat modifications that retain the structural complexity of the vegetation would still permit the existence of the species in densities equal to or greater than that of undisturbed forest patches. It adds to a growing body of literature that signifies the importance of disturbed habitats (intermediate disturbance hypothesis) in protecting threatened species of fauna. It is highly unlikely that some disturbed habitats will be ever be returned to their former pristine state in time frames that are important for species’ conservation. Hence, attention is needed in developing suitable approaches to manage and conserve species across disturbed habitats.     

九寨沟自然保护区次生林物种多样性分析

以九寨沟次生林样地资料为基础,研究了九寨沟自然保护区次生林的物种多样性特征．结果表明：九寨沟次生植被恢复过程中,物种多样性先逐渐升高,然后又逐渐下降．从群落不同层次来看,落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、次生针叶林的物种丰富度均表现为：草本层＞灌木层（包括幼树与幼苗）＞乔木层．各类群落乔木层的物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、ＳｈａｎｎｏｎＷｅｉｎｅｒ指数表现为针阔叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞次生针叶林     

中国温带疏林的地理分布、生态地位及成因

 中国分布的疏林类型众多,除了在热带分布的疏林(或稀树干草原)外,还有温带阔叶疏林和温带山地针叶疏林两种生态系统,具体包括榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林、天山云杉(Picea schrekiana)疏林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)疏林、杜松(Juniperus rigida)疏林、樟子松(Pinus sylvestnis var. mongolica)疏林、西藏落叶松(Larix tibetica)疏林、亚东冷杉(Abies densa)疏林、巨柏(Cupressus gigantea)疏林、大果圆柏(Sabina tibetica)疏林、滇藏方枝柏(Sabina wallichiana)疏林、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)疏林、大果红杉(Larix potaninii var. macrocarpa)疏林、西藏柏木(Cupressus torulosa)疏林、密枝圆柏(Sabina convallium)疏林、长叶松(Pinus roxburghii)疏林、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)疏林、川西云杉(Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana)疏林、黄榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)疏林、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)疏林等生态系统类型,疏林生态系统(或疏林植被)应该是介于森林和草原(或灌丛)之间的一种过渡的植被类型,是一种地带性植被类型.疏林的分布是系列生态因子综合作用的结果,但其决定因子是水分.在中国大陆,沿纬度梯度从低到高的地带性植被应为雨林、季雨林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、疏林、灌丛或草原,从东到西沿经度梯度依次为(阔叶和针叶)森林、(阔叶和针叶)疏林、草原、荒漠.在高原地区,沿海拔梯度的分布从低到高主要是森林、疏林、灌丛、草原或草甸.与森林、灌丛和草原相比,疏林的分布面积相对较小.中国疏林的分布区域大体位于农牧交错带地区,即从森林到草原过渡的地区.对疏林成因的理解,有利于区域生态恢复措施的选择.     

用随机决策树群算法进行高光谱遥感影像分类

摘要： 高光谱影像具有丰富的光谱信息,与全色、多光谱影像相比能更好地进行地面目标的分类识别. 该文对决策树分类算法的优劣进行分析,引入随机决策树群算法,对青海省祁连县Hyperion高光谱影像和IRS-P6影像数据进行实验,使用子空间划分和光谱距离进行降维后,分别采用支持向量机、神经网络、最大似然法进行分类,并与随机决策树群算法分类结果进行比较. 结果表明,该算法表现最优且无需降维预处理,可广泛应用于高光谱遥感领域.     

长江流域森林NPP模拟及其对气候变化的响应

【目的】利用LPJ模型(Lund-Potsdam-Jena model)估算长江流域森林净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP),研究长江流域森林NPP时空动态变化及其与气候因素的关系,为长江流域及其他地区的植被监测与生态建设提供依据。【方法】基于LPJ模型模拟的NPP数据及气象资料,对长江流域1982—2013年森林NPP的空间分布和时空动态变化趋势进行分析,采用线性回归分析法分别以时间为自变量和NPP为因变量进行趋势检验,利用相关性分析法分析长江流域森林NPP与气象因子之间的关系。【结果】①长江流域1982—2013年森林年均NPP值为530.41 g/(m²·a),最高值出现在2002年,森林NPP值为578.55 g/(m²·a);最低值出现在1989年,森林NPP值为491.24 g/(m²·a)。②长江流域森林NPP的空间分布由东南沿海向西北逐渐减小,长江中下游森林NPP高于长江上游,森林NPP空间分布格局与水热条件分布格局相一致,长江流域东南部水热条件良好,能够满足植被生长和发展的需要,植被生产力比较高;西北部由于水热条件比较差,不利于植被生长,生产力低下。③长江流域大部分地区森林NPP与气温和降水为正相关关系,森林NPP与气温呈显著正相关,气温与森林NPP之间的相关性强于降水与森林NPP之间的相关性。【结论】长江流域森林NPP呈自东南向西北减少的趋势,且随时间呈波动上升趋势;气候对森林NPP具有显著影响,气温是影响森林NPP的主导因素。     

A test of the joint efficiency of macroeconomic forecasts using multivariate random forests

We contribute to recent research on the joint evaluation of the properties of macroeconomic forecasts in a multivariate setting. The specific property of forecasts that we are interested in is their joint efficiency. We study the joint efficiency of forecasts by means of multivariate random forests, which we use to model the links between forecast errors and predictor variables in a forecaster's information set. We then use permutation tests to study whether the Mahalanobis distance between the predicted forecast errors for the growth and inflation forecasts of four leading German economic research institutes and actual forecast errors is significantly smaller than under the null hypothesis of forecast efficiency. We reject joint efficiency in several cases, but also document heterogeneity across research institutes with regard to the joint efficiency of their forecasts.     

基于改进稀疏编码模型的图像分类算法

针对图像表示,提出了一种基于改进稀疏编码模型的图像分类算法.首先,提取表示图像视觉局部特征的SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) 描述子;然后,利用稀疏编码方法生成基于SIFT描述子的视觉词汇库,将SIFT描述子编成稀疏向量;通过有效稀疏向量的区域融合和空间结合而获取整体的稀疏向量并用于图像表示;最后,采用随机森林多分类器对稀疏向量进行训练和测试.结果表明,与现有的算法相比,该算法的性能更佳,可以有效表示图像的特性并提高其分类的准确率.     

退耕还林还草工程实施后的生态经济系统良性循环分析

按照"退耕还林(草),封山绿化,以粮代赈,个体承包"的基本方针,以生态经济学和生态恢复学的基本原理为依据,总结了五年来我国退耕还林还草工程的完成情况,论述了退耕还林还草、恢复林草植被对改善生态环境,发展国民经济,促进农民增收,走向小康社会的重大意义,分析了西部地区经济系统演变规律,对退耕还林还草工程实施后生态环境良性循环的动态进行了初步探讨.     

Taxonomic revision of the seasonal killifish genus Nothobranchius from Zanzibar,East Africa (Cyprinodontoidei: Aplocheilidae)

Nothobranchius guentheri and Nothobranchius melanospilus, the two seasonal killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius occurring in Zanzibar Island, Tanzania, were involved in past taxonomical mistakes and are still misidentified in museum collections. A historical review is herein presented and both species are redescribed on the basis of type material and recent collections. Nothobranchius guentheri, a popular aquarium fish, is endemic to Zanzibar, and N. melanospilus, geographically widespread in East Africa, occurring both in Zanzibar and in continental river basins. These species are distinguished by a series of morphological features not previously reported in the literature, including pre-dorsal length and relative position of the anterior portion of the dorsal-fin skeletal support and vertebrae; number of gill-rakers of the first branchial arch, caudal-fin rays, scales of the longitudinal series, series of scales around caudal peduncle, and vertebrae; frontal squamation; and arrangement and number of neuromasts of the supraorbital series. The present taxonomic revision comprising N. guentheri and N. melanospilus, the oldest species names of the genus in the East African biodiversity hotspot, is important to improve the knowledge of the genus in a region where its taxonomy is still problematic