正交试验法优化阿昔洛韦固体纳米粒的处方

采用正交试验法筛选阿昔洛韦固体脂质纳米粒最优处方。利用(W/O/W)复乳-超声法制备阿昔洛韦固体脂质纳米粒,以包封率为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交试验设计筛选出最优处方。单硬脂酸甘油酯用量1.5%、大豆卵磷脂用量0.4%、泊洛沙姆188浓度2%、油相与内水相体积比(Vo/V)i 6。正交试验优化阿昔洛韦固体纳米粒处方有效、可行。     

低温胁迫下加拿利海枣膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的变化

在－5℃低温胁迫下，加拿利海枣（Phoenix canariensis Hort.ex Chab.)幼苗叶片的MDA含量逐渐增加，膜脂过氧化作用逐渐增强，含水量不断下降。细胞保护酶SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均逐渐升高，60h后呈现下降趋势。冷锻炼处理可以减缓膜脂过氧化作用的增强、电解质渗出率的增加及含水量的降低，促进SOD和CAT酶活性的提高，同时抑制POD酶活性的变化，相应提高了加拿利海枣幼苗的抗寒性。     

水杨酸或过氧化氢减轻镉对裸燕麦毒性的研究

对25 d龄的裸燕麦(Avena nuda)植株进行14 d镉(100μM)胁迫处理,与对照相比,植株的干重显著降低。然而,在镉暴露前1 d对植株进行水杨酸(1 mM)或H2O2(5 mM)预处理可有效地缓解镉引发的植株生长抑制。镉抑制生长与植物光合作用的降低和氧化胁迫伤害有关,具体表现为叶绿素含量、二氧化碳同化率、最大光化学量子产量、光系统Ⅱ实际量子产量、抗氧化力等参数显著低于对照植株,而膜脂过氧化水平则明显高于对照。镉对光合作用的抑制可被外施水杨酸部分地逆转,但不受H2O2影响;而水杨酸和H2O2均可减轻镉引发的氧化伤害,且与细胞中抗氧化能力的维持有关。镉胁迫明显提高了细胞的脯氨酸含量,而水杨酸或H2O2处理则有效地阻止其升高。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳所显示的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶同工酶活性与各自的分光光度计测得的酶活性基本一致。研究表明,外施水杨酸或H2O2可保护植物抵御适当浓度的镉引发的生长抑制,其中水杨酸的作用是减缓镉诱导的光合作用抑制与提高抗氧化胁迫能力,而H2O2只是减轻镉诱导的氧化胁迫伤害。     

何首乌提取物对大鼠血脂水平的影响

通过实验饲喂大鼠 ,研究何首乌提取物对大鼠血脂水平的影响 .结果表明 ,何首乌提取物能有效降低大鼠血清中甘油三脂 (TG)、胆固醇 (TC)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL_C)含量及LDL_C HDL_C比值 (p <0 .0 1 ) ,而HDL_C含量和HDL_C TC比值明显升高 (p<0 .0 1 ) ,表明何首乌提取物具有明显的降血脂作用     

盐度对秋茄和桐花树幼苗蛋白质、H2O2及脂质过氧化作用的影响

研究两种红树植物秋茄和桐花树幼苗根和叶在不同盐度培养下，蛋白质、丙二醛及过氧化氢含量的变化情况，结果表明：盐度对秋茄和桐花树幼根和幼叶蛋白质含量都有,总体上是低盐度稍降低其含量，高盐度稍增加其含量。秋茄幼根和幼叶在0－50盐度范围内MDA含量随盐度的升高先降后升，但是根和叶上升的折点不同（根30，叶20），而桐花树幼根MDA含量在盐度30范围内比较平稳，盐度高于30时则迅速上升，而幼叶在盐度20以内下降，高于20则上升。秋茄和桐花树的幼根在低盐情况下H2O2含量随盐度的增加而下降，而幼叶都表现出先降后升再降的趋势，只是上升的折点不同而已（秋茄40，桐花树20）。这些结果表明，盐度对秋茄和桐花树幼根和幼叶的H2O2含量及膜脂过氧化作用是有一定差异的。     

Properties and modes of action of specific and non-specific phospholipid transfer proteins

Summary We have described the mode of action of the phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP), the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PI-TP) and the non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsL-TP) isolated from bovine and rat tissues. PC-TP and PI-TP specifically bind one phospholipid molecule to be carried between membranes. PC-TP, and most likely PI-TP as well, have independent binding sites for thesn-1- andsn-2-fatty acyl chains. These sites have different properties, which may explain the ability of PC-TP and PI-TP to discriminate between positional phospholipid isomers. nsL-TP, which is identical to sterol carrier protein 2, transfers all common phospholipids, cholesterol and oxysterol derivatives between membranes. This protein is very efficient in mediating a net mass transfer of lipids to lipid-deficient membranes. Models for its mode of action, which is clearly different from that of PC-TP and PI-TP, are presented.     

Effect of taurine administration on liver lipids in guinea pig

Summary The oral administration of 0.4% taurine in drinking water for 14 consecutive days showed the following hepatic effects in male guinea pig. The percentage of tauro-conjugated biliary bile acids was increased from 17.2–54.2%; the ratio liver weight/body weight was increased, and fatty change was induced. Liver triglyceride concentration was accordingly increased; diglyceride and phosphatidylcholine concentrations were reduced by the treatment, while phosphatidylethanolamine level was not affected. These changes suggest an adverse effect of taurine administration on phosphatidylcholine hepatic synthesis.     

Partition coefficients of drugs in bilayer lipid membranes

The oil/water partition coefficient of drugs is widely accepted as a key parameter in drug design. The coefficients are usually determined using a bulk octanol phase to represent the lipid. The physiologically and pharmacologically relevant structure is, of course, the bilayer lipid membrane, but until now there has been no convenient means of measuring the partition coefficients of small molecules into a single bilayer. This paper demonstrates that the partition coefficient may be calculated from the change in membrane refractive index which occurs when a drug molecule partitions into the membrane. The refractive index is determined by an integratedoptics technique ideally suited to an ultra-thin structure such as a lipid bilayer.     

Membrane fusion

Summary The factors involved in the regulation of biological membrane fusion and models proposed for the molecular mechanism of biomembrane fusion are reviewed. The results obtained in model systems are critically discussed in the light of the known properties of biomembranes and characteristics of biomembrane fusion. Biological membrane fusion is a local-point event; extremely fast, non-leaky, and under strict control. Fusion follows on a local and most probably protein-modulated destabilization, and a transition of the interacting membranes from a bilayer to a non-bilayer lipid structure. The potential role of type II non-bilayer preferring lipids and of proteins in the local destabilization of the membranes is evaluated. Proteins are not only responsible for the mutual recognition of the fusion partners, but are most likely also to be involved in the initiation of biomembrane fusion, by locally producing or activating fusogens, or by acting as fusogens.     

Enzymatic reduction of fatty acids and acyl-CoAs to long chain aldehydes and alcohols

Summary The properties of enzymatic systems involved in the synthesis of long chain aldehydes and alcohols have been reviewed. Fatty acid and acyl-CoA reductases are widely distributed and generate fatty alcohols for ether lipid and was ester synthesis as well as fatty aldehydes for bacterial bioluminescence. Fatty alcohol is generally the major product of fatty acid reduction in crude or membrane systems, although reductases which release fatty aldehydes as products have also been purified. The reduction of fatty acid proceeds through the ATP-dependent formation of acyl intermediates such as acyl-CoA and acyl protein, followed by reduction to aldehyde and alcohol with NAD(P)H. In most cases, both the rate of fatty acid conversion and acyl chain specificity of the reaction are determined at the level of reduction of the intermediate. The reduction of fatty acids represents the major pathway for the control of the synthesis of fatty aldehydes and alcohols. Several other enzymatic reactions involved in lipid degradation also release fatty aldehydes but do not apear to play an important role in long chain alcohol synthesis.