患蓝色肝病的中国对虾的组织与细胞病理学研究

患蓝色肝病的中国对虾主要组织病理改变如下：①部分肝胰脏腺细胞胞核巨大，染色浓重呈深紫色。②大量腺细胞胞体极度胀大，胞浆呈泡沫状或空泡化，胞核固缩变小，被挤出细胞的边缘。③个别腺细胞胞浆内可见有均质红染的嗜酸性小体。病虾细胞病理的改变与组织病理改变一致。肝胰脏腺细胞中所存在的球形病毒是该疾病主要病原体。另外，超薄切片中所显示的几种细胞病理改变与机体某种因素中毒反应相似。     

The Effects of Shrimp Gut Probiotic Bacteria on the Shrimp Larvae (Penaeus Chinensis)

The survival rates of shrimp larvae in different stage are higher than those of control groups when probiotic bacteria strains X4B-1 and X1B-1 which are isolated from gut of adult shrimp are added into the little volume rearing sea water of shrimp larvae. The effects of probiotic bacteria are evaluated by challenge test (pathogenic bacteria Z3G2 isolated from disease shrimp larvae in the hatchery of Jimo town) and low salinity stress resistance tests on shrimp larvae, the survival rate and lengths of the shrimp larvae in the experiment are determined. Results indicate that 1. The survival rate, ability of resistant to low salinity, lengths of the delivered shrimp larvae are improved after the strains of probiotic bacteria, X4B-1 or X1B-1, are added into the rearing sea water of hatchery. 2. The addition of the probiotic bacteria could not influence the change of the bacteria number, NH3-N and COD value in the rearing sea water. 3. The probiotic bacteria used in the experiment have many enzymes such as Lipase, Amylase, Gelatinase and Lecithinase. These enzymes may help the probiotic bacteria to digest the food components fed to shrimp larvae and increase the digestive efficiency of post larvae. This may be one of the reasons why these probiotic bacteria are beneficial to the shrimp larvae.     

贵州虾类初步调查

本文报道贵州虾类２１种，隶属３科６属，其中有６种为新纪录：对贵州重要经济虾类进行了生物学研究，并为虾类资源的开发保护和增殖提出建议。     

虾蟹类维生素营养的研究进展

综述了维生素对虾蟹类亲体性腺成熟、胚胎发育、存活、蜕皮和生长、抗病力和免疫力、营养需要量、缺乏症和过量症的影响,并对今后虾蟹类维生素营养方面的研究提出了建议。     

同工酶在水产动物研究中的应用

综述了近年来同工酶在水产动物研究中的应用,包括个体胚胎发育过程中同工酶的变化、机体中同工酶的组织特异性,同工酶应用于种质鉴定、遗传育种、病理研究与诊断,以及同工酶的影响因素等方面,为今后的有关研究和渔业生产提供参考.     

The distribution and ecology of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in Britain

The anostracan Chirocephalus diaphanus is at the northwestern limits of its range in Britain. Its distribution, based on records made since first reported nearly three centuries ago, is mapped. Aspects of its ecology and behaviour that have a bearing on its requirements, and therefore on the pattern of its distribution, are noted. It is an almost defenceless, opportunistic species, largely confined to temporary pools where it avoids predators. It occurs in those regions of Britain where a high winter water table is followed by a dry spring and early summer, and is essentially confined to the zone in which there is a deficit between precipitation and evapotranspiration during the six months April to September. Such conditions prevail in the south and southeast. Cooler, wetter, northern and western parts, with their more frequent rain-days and cloud cover, do not favour the formation of suitable temporary pools. The eurythermous nature of C. diaphanus, its ability to remain active at low temperatures, and its tolerance of a wide range of other conditions, enable it to exploit, and to reach maturity in, temporary pools before such predators as can colonize them have had the opportunity to do so. Dispersal and survival during ensuing periods of drought are effected by drought-resistant resting eggs. Possible genetic, reproductive and ecological constraints relevant to events that take place towards the edge of its range are noted.     

Abundance and ecologic distribution of the shrimp Rimapenaeus constrictus (Crustacea: Penaeidae) on the northern coast of São Paulo State,Brazil

The abundance and ecologic distribution of the shrimp R. constrictus were compared among three different embayments within the northern coast of São Paulo State (23°S, 45°W); i.e. Mar Virado (MV), Ubatuba (UBA) and Ubatumirim (UBM). Key environmental factors were monitored for a better understanding of the distributional patterns of this species, namely temperature, salinity, depth, organic matter content and texture of sediments. In each bay, six transects were delimited, four parallel to the coastline and the other two in areas adjacent to rocky shores. Monthly samples were taken over a 2-year period (1998 and 1999), using a shrimp fishing boat equipped with double-rig nets. Abundance data were treated separately according to environmental characteristics. A total of 4978 specimens was obtained; 921 at MV, 1948 at UBA and 2109 at UBM. The spatial distribution of R. constrictus differed among bays. Higher abundance values were recorded at areas where silt and clay comprised less than 70% of the sediment. A more diversified sediment at UBM and UBA apparently favours the establishment of this species in the region. Its abundance also followed a seasonal trend, higher during spring and summer when intrusions of cold South Atlantic Coastal Waters (SACW) are frequent, promoting the migration of this shrimp to more sheltered areas. These results suggest that sediment type and temperature are the most important variables affecting the spatial and seasonal distribution of this species.     

雪虾壳为原料的壳聚糖制备与表征

以废弃的雪虾壳为原料,采用化学法制备壳聚糖.通过正交实验对两种不同脱钙剂条件下的制备过程进行优化,分别测定产物的产率、粘度、粘均分子量和脱乙酰度.分析结果表明:除产率略高外,以硝酸为脱钙剂的制备条件各指标均略低于以盐酸为脱钙剂的制备条件.最后,采用红外光谱法、热重法和差示扫描热重法对产物进行结构表征.     

虾塘还林及其海洋农牧化构想

根据我国东南沿海红树林退化情况和海水虾塘养殖业严重衰败问题,对我国退塘还林的潜在规模及其重要意义进行分析和评估,并在此基础上提出了"虾塘红树林湿地生态农场"建设思路和3种生态养殖模式。理论推算表明,生态改造后虾塘养殖的经济效益提高1.2~2.0倍;氮(N)和磷(P)的年环境负荷量分别减少28.51%~56.39%和25.63%~88.13%。此外,虾塘生态改造还将显著美化滨海湿地景观,为耐盐功能性植物开发利用和滨海休闲业发展奠定基础。"虾塘红树林湿地生态农场"兼顾了生态与生计同时所面临的问题,并可作为一种激励机制,促进退塘还林和蓝碳经济发展。最后,讨论了技术、农户积极性和资金投入等方面的可行性,并提出了相关建议。     

不同模式对虾养殖水体中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的变化特征及其影响因素

于2001年10月15～19日在广西海洋研究所曲湾养殖基地,选择养殖南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的8个封闭式的工厂化养殖池和4个开放式的水泥底普通养殖池,连续5d取样分析不同模式、不同密度、不同面积养殖水体中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的变化及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,工厂化养殖水体中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量显著偏高,平均值分别为11．31mg／L和4．70mg／L;硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随时间增加而升高,随养殖面积增大而下降。普通养殖水体中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量显著偏低,平均值分别为0．017mg／L和0．060mg／L,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量在时间变化上无明显规律性。养殖水体中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量与COD呈显著的正相关,与叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关关系,突出体现化学作用的输入影响及生物吸收的输出影响。