Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China

Detailed high-resolution emission inventories of primary particles(PM2.5,BC and OC) and pollutant gases(SO2,NOx,NH3,CO and VOCs) for China in 2007 were constructed on the basis of the latest fuel consumption data,mostly at the county level,and from socio-economic statistics and data on fossil and biomass fuels obtained from government agencies.New emission factors reflecting local features were also used.The calculated emissions were 13.212 Mt PM2.5,1.4 Mt BC,2.946 Mt OC,31.584 Mt SO2,23.248 Mt NOx,16.017 Mt NH3,164.856 Mt CO and 35.464 Mt VOCs.The national and regional emissions were gridded with 0.5°× 0.5° resolution for use in air quality models.Larger emissions were found in eastern and central China than in western China.The emissions estimated here are roughly equal to those obtained in previous studies,but with different contributions from because of seasonal changes in residential heating and biomass combustion.Finally,uncertainties in inventories were analyzed.     

温度和脂肪醇对N一脂肪酰基谷氨酸钠表面活性的影响

用滴体积法研究了温度和一些酯肪醇对阴离子表面活性剂Ｎ一脂肪酰基谷氨酸钠（ＦＡＧ－Ｎａ）表面活性的影响，实验表明：温度或脂肪醇均使ＦＡＧ－Ｎａ的表面张力和临界胶束浓度发生变化。     

碳排放约束下的水工隧洞施工机群配置优化

考虑碳排放约束条件,基于水工隧洞施工机群配置优化和碳减排双赢的改进路径,构建基于工期-成本-质量-碳排放量的多目标优化函数;选择模拟退火算法改进后的粒子群算法,参考施工机械台班费用定额和《IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南》计算施工机械的台班碳排放量;将新型机械配置纳入碳排放因素,建立以工期、成本、质量和碳排放为一级指标和14个二级指标的水工隧洞施工机群配置目标偏好权重评价指标体系,并构建考虑碳排放的机群配置优化模型,以滇中引水工程万家隧洞3号支洞为例开展多目标约束下的施工机群配置优化分析。结果表明:建立的水工隧洞施工机群配置目标偏好权重评价指标体系可以较全面地考量施工机群对环境的影响性;计算得出该施工机群主要碳排放源为隧道多功能作业台车和混凝土搅拌站,碳排放量(以CO2计)达到1 000.kg/台班。改进后的粒子群算法可以有效增强全局寻优的搜索能力,识别施工机械中碳排放关键风险源,模型优化结果与现场施工情况相符,验证了模型的可行性。     

基于改进粒子滤波的微弱目标检测前跟踪算法

研究高速微弱目标的积累检测问题,提出了一种改进粒子滤波的检测前跟踪算法。该算法采用与雷达距离-多普勒图像相匹配的量测数据模型,能克服传统点扩散函数的模型误差。采用“新生”粒子从强度最高的分辨单元集内均匀产生,且按概率对权重最低的部分“存活”粒子用“新生”粒子将其替换的粒子更新策略,在增加粒子多样性的同时缓解了粒子的退化。仿真实验表明,本文算法的检测与跟踪性能要优于标准的粒子滤波算法。     

带时间窗车辆路径问题的粒子群算法

将粒子群算法(PSO)应用于带时间窗车辆路径优化问题(VRPTW),构造车辆路径问题的粒子表达方法,建立了此问题的粒子群算法,并与遗传算法作了比较.实验结果表明,粒子群算法可以快速、有效求得带时间窗车辆路径问题的优化解,是求解带时间窗车辆路径问题的一个较好方案.     

基于无迹粒子PHD滤波的序贯融合算法

针对在杂波、漏检和非线性情况下,粒子概率假设密度滤波（particle probability hypothesis density filter, P-PHDF）算法估计精度不高、滤波发散及粒子退化等问题,提出了一种基于无迹粒子概率假设密度滤波（unscented particle PHDF, UP-PHDF）的序贯融合算法。利用无迹粒子滤波（unscented particle filter, UPF）实现PHDF,由UKF算法得到更好更优的重要性密度函数并从中采样,使粒子的分布更接近多目标概率假设密度分布;另外,为进一步提高滤波算法的性能,实现基于雷达和红外传感器的UP-PHDF序贯融合算法,通过两传感器交替滤波保证目标状态的可观测性。在复杂环境下,仿真结果表明该算法的估计精度和稳定性明显优于单传感器P-PHDF算法。     

基于PSO-FCM的长输管道泄漏检测方法

为了提高长输管道泄漏检测的准确率,将改进模糊C均值算法应用于长输管道泄漏检测研究.在传统模糊C均值算法的基础上引入粒子群算法,对其寻找聚类中心的迭代过程进行优化,用粒子群算法替代模糊C均值的梯度下降法,以提高模糊C均值算法的聚类效率和准确率.然后分别用所得的基于粒子群优化的模糊C均值聚类模型、传统模糊C均值聚类模型以及...     

电容式两相流相浓度传感器的有限元模化与正交优化设计

将有限元法与正交设计法相结合对电容式两相流相浓度传感器进行了计算机辅助设计,建立了传感器的有限元模型,分析了模化误差及测试单元变化对敏感场均匀性评价指标的影响,指出优化过程中必须保持有限元网格的一致性以保证仿真结果的可比性,给出一传感器正交优化示例,优化后的传感器具有接近均匀的敏感场分布,性能指标有明显的改善·     

旋流分离器内三维两相流场的实验研究

为了研究内置格栅旋流分离器的分离机理,采用粒子动态分析仪测定了旋流分离器内部的三维两相流场.实验表明,主体流动为三维螺旋的向下运动,中央存在一个和底流口贯通的螺旋形空气柱;固体颗粒浓度在格栅内壁附近出现的最大值在格栅内部,随着格栅半径的减小,固体颗粒的浓度减小,在靠近空气柱附近出现最小值;底流中固体颗粒的粒径明显大于进水和出水中固体颗粒粒径.     

Transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion in gas-solid two-phase flows

Without using any turbulent model, direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase turbulent jet was performed by finite volume method. The effects on dispersion of particles with different Stokes numbers by the transitional behavior of turbulent structures were investigated. To produce high-resolution results and reduce the computation and storage, the fractional-step projection algorithm was used to solve the governing equations of gas phase fluid. The low-storage, three-order Runge-Kutta scheme was used for time integration. The governing equations of particles were solved in the Lagrangian framework. These numerical schemes were validated by the good agreement be-tween the statistical results of flow field and the related experimental data. In the study of particle dis-persion, it was found that the effects on particle dispersion by the spanwise vortex structures were prominent. The new behaviors of particle dispersion were also observed during the evolution of the flow field, i.e. the transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion occurs for the particles with small and intermediate Stokes numbers.