有机农药光催化降解研究进展

有机农药一般光稳定性好,属生物难降解性有机物,在使用中易对周围生物种群及人类的健康带来危害.农药污染逐渐受到人们的关注,农药降解也成为研究的热点课题之一.利用高级氧化技术中的光催化方法降解有机农药是近年来兴起的一门绿色及高效新技术.本文从有机农药降解处理意义,有机农药分类和基本特性及常规处理方法等几个方面,综述了TiO...     

安塞油田酸化返排液的H_2O_2氧化—中和—絮凝回注处理研究

针对安塞油田酸化返排液具有pH低、Fe2+含量高的特点,以H2O2为氧化剂,聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为絮凝剂,采用化学氧化除铁—中和—絮凝的处理工艺对其进行处理,使处理后废水的各项水质指标能达到油田回注水的水质标准,并确定了各药剂的适宜投加量.结果表明:在H2O2、PAC和PAM投加量分别为0.2%体积分数、40 mg/L和3.0 mg/L的条件下,处理后酸化废水中悬浮固体(SS)由300～500 mg/L降低至10 mg/L,油含量由450.55 mg/L降至13.78 mg/L,总铁质量浓度和平均腐蚀速率均达到安塞油田回注水的水质要求.     

邻羟基化合物被高碘酸或四乙酸铅氧化产物的推断

分析了高碘酸和四乙酸铅对邻二醇氧化反应的机理;根据已有的反应结果,总结出用高碘酸和四乙酸铅对邻羟基化合物,特别是对于α-羟基醛、α-羟基酮、α-羟基酸、β-羟基胺等多种邻位含羟基结构的化合物进行氧化时所得产物的书写规律,并将这一规律应用于有关反应.     

注空气过程轻质原油低温氧化动力学

对于埋藏较深且注水困难的低渗透油藏,空气驱可作为二次采油方法.空气驱过程中地层内部分原油将和空气中的氧气发生低温氧化(LTO)反应生成烟道气(主要是N2、CO2)和油的氧化产物.通过分析轻质原油低温氧化机制,提出改进的低温氧化反应模型;采用小型台架反应器实验求取改进模型的动力学参数(Arrhenius活化能及频率因子)...     

SiO_2负载钴取代磷钼钒杂多酸盐催化氧化环己烷反应

采用超声波浸渍法制备系列负载型Dawson钴取代磷钼钒杂多酸盐,用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、比表面积测定等方法对催化剂进行表征,并将其用于催化环己烷选择氧化制备环己醇与环己酮的反应中.考察负载量、反应温度、时间以及过氧化氢用量对反应活性的影响.结果表明,3mol/L盐酸处理的硅胶在超声波浸渍条件下,催化剂CoH7P2Mo15V3O62/SiO2有较好活性.在温度75℃、环己烷用量0.1mol、35%CoH7P2Mo15V3O62/SiO20.3g、反应时间10h、w(H2O2)=50%的过氧化氢用量13.6g(0.2mol)时环己烷的转化率达到56.22%,环己醇和环己酮(简称KA油)总收率达到17.19%.     

Effect of weld microstructure on brittle fracture initiation in the thermally-aged boiling water reactor pressure vessel head weld metal

Effects of the weld microstructure and inclusions on brittle fracture initiation are investigated in a thermally aged ferritic high-nickel weld of a reactor pressure vessel head from a decommissioned nuclear power plant.As-welded and reheated regions mainly consist of acicular and polygonal ferrite,respectively.Fractographic examination of Charpy V-notch impact toughness specimens reveals large inclusions(0.5-2.5μm)at the brittle fracture primary initiation sites.High impact energies were measured for the specimens in which brittle fracture was initiated from a small inclusion or an inclusion away from the V-notch.The density,geometry,and chemical composition of the primary initiation inclusions were investigated.A brittle fracture crack initiates as a microcrack either within the multiphase oxide inclusions or from the debonded interfaces between the uncracked inclusions and weld metal matrix.Primary fracture sites can be determined in all the specimens tested in the lower part of the transition curve at and below the 41-J reference impact toughness energy but not above the mentioned value because of the changes in the fracture mechanism and resulting changes in the fracture appearance.     

晶粒细化对金属材料腐蚀行为的影响研究进展

Grain refinement can strengthen the mechanical properties of materials according to the classical Hall–Petch relationship but does not always result in better corrosion resistance. During the past few decades, various techniques have been dedicated to refining grain, along with relevant studies on corrosion behavior, including general corrosion, pitting corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. However, the fundamental consensus on how grain size influences corrosion behavior has not been reached. This paper reviews existing literature on the beneficial and detrimental effects of grain refinement on corrosion behavior. Moreover, the effects of microstructural changes (i.e., grain boundary, dislocation, texture, residual stress, impurities, and second phase) resulting from grain refinement on corrosion behavior are discussed. The grain refinement not only has an impact on the corrosion performance, but also results in microstructural changes that have a non-negligible effect on corrosion behavior or even outweigh that of grain refinement. Grain size is not the only factor affecting the corrosion behavior of metallic materials; thus, the overall influence of microstructures on corrosion behavior should be understood.     

含镍磁黄铁矿尾矿氧化动力学及机理研究

X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry have been used to study the products of nickel-containing pyrrhotite tailings oxidation by oxygen in the air. The kinetic triplets of oxidation, namely, activation energy (E_a), pre-exponential factor (A), and reaction model (f(α)) being a function of the conversion degree (α), were adjusted by regression analysis. In case of a two-stage process representation, the first step proceeds under autocatalysis control and ends at α = 0.42. The kinetic triplet in the first step is E_a = 262.2 kJ/mol, lg A = 14.53 s?1, and f(α) = (1 – α)4.11(1 + 1.51 × 10–4α). For the second step, the process is controlled by the two-dimensional diffusion of the reactants in the layer of oxidation products. The kinetic triplet in the second step is Е_a = 215.0 kJ/mol, lg A = 10.28 s?1, and f(α) = (–ln(1 – α))–1. The obtained empirical formulae for the rate of pyrrhotite tailings oxidation reliably describe the macro-mechanism of the process and can be used to design automatization systems for roasting these materials.     

空冷条件下钛渣颗粒的氧化路径及氧化动力学

The oxidation pathway and kinetics of titania slag powders in air were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation pathway of titania slag powder in air was divided into three stages according to their three exothermic peaks and three corresponding mass gain stages indicated by the respective non-isothermal DSC and TG curves. The isothermal oxidation kin-etics of high titania slag powders of different sizes were analyzed using the ln-ln analysis method. The results revealed that the entire isotherm-al oxidation process comprises two stages. The kinetic mechanism of the first stage can be described as f (α)=1.77 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.77?1)/1.77 , f (α)=1.97 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.97?1)/1.97 , and f (α)=1.18 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.18?1)/1.18 . The kinetic mechanism of the second stage for all samples can be described as f (α)=1.5(1?α)2/3[1?(1?α)1/3]?1 . The activation energies of titania slag powders with different sizes (d1 < 0.075 mm, 0.125 mm < d2 < 0.150 mm, and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm) for different reaction degrees were calculated. For the given experimental conditions, the rate-controlling step in the first oxidation stage of all the samples is a chemical reaction. The rate-controlling steps of the second oxidation stage are a chemical reaction and internal diffusion (for powders d1 < 0.075 mm) and internal diffusion (for powders 0.125 mm < d2 <0.150 mm and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm).     

SBS含量对沥青老化性能的影响

为了提高SBS改性沥青的路用性能,延长路面使用寿命,本文通过物理指标试验、流变测试、傅里叶红外光谱法（FTIR）和凝胶色谱法（GPC）对比分析了不同含量SBS改性沥青老化前后的性能差异,探究了SBS含量对沥青老化性能的影响。结果表明：短期老化后,随着SBS含量的增加,沥青粘度和复数模量增大,针入度减小,延度迅速下降,沥青显示出脆性;改性剂发生降解,GPC图谱中改性沥青SBS特征峰峰面积均有所减小;改性沥青的红外光谱图在1696 cm-1（C=O伸缩振动）处出现新的特征吸收峰。长期老化后,改性沥青中大分子物质几乎完全降解,SBS特征峰均消失;红外光谱图中1696 cm-1处吸收峰强度加强,BI指数减小一半;随着SBS含量的增加,CI指数和SI指数变化不大,而BI指数持续增加并与SBS含量呈现良好的线性关系。