Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence (1140bp). Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G . eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype Al was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G . przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G . eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades Al and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0. 2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0. 015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of "Gonghe Movement" event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qing-hai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.     

陆机“缘情说”的本源、本体及审美意蕴

陆机的"缘情说"是艺术社会学走向审美心理学的产物,具有一定的进步意义.在先秦、两汉时期,经儒家规范了的"诗言志"占主导地位."诗缘情"出现后,它对儒家的"诗言志"是个巨大的挑战.言情文学日益兴起,促进了我国五言诗发展.陆机早期受了儒家、道家思潮的影响,略有形式主义创作倾向,晚年深受道家思想的影响,他在<文赋>里着重阐述了文学的艺术特征和创作规律.其文学主张是"理扶质以立干,文垂条而结繁",强调文质的统一.这是他的审美意识的进步和提高.     

论英语习语的学习策略

习语包括俗语、谚语、俚语等。要学好英语必须了解并能够熟练地运用习语。从习语的分类、切忌“望文生义”以及注意习语的来源和民族性方面论述了学好英语习语的策略。     

安徽星火科技大厦设计探索

通过安徽星火科技大厦设计的成功探索，分析并揭示在商品社会中，一个建筑的创作过程不仅是商品设计的过程、也是文化创作的过程，时代趋向、社会需要、群众思想和社会风气规定了建筑师的创作道路，提出商品性与文化性统一的建筑创作价值取向。     

学生学习实施量化管理的一种方案

运用学习质量管理图，可以有效地发现教学过程中存在的问题，为帮助学习主体－学生及时地，有效地调整学习的组织过程，提供比较有价值的正确判断。     

论英语课堂身势语之文化归宿

身势语是一种重要的交流方式，与语言文化有着深刻的内在联系，不同的语言文化有着不同的身势语。本文针对身势语的文化差异，指出大学英语课堂中教师应该注意身势语的文化归宿，采取符合该语言文化的身势语。     

小农经济在中国冗长的原因新探

从生产方式角度解释小农经济冗长的原因，虽有合理性，但片面肤浅。以节用节制为特征的中国传统消费文化，是小农经济在我国冗长的深层原因。从文化角度探讨小农经济冗长的原因，对发展社会主义市场经济，对加快我国城市化建设进程，对构建资源节约型社会，对规避类似于当下的经济危机等都具有重要的启迪和借鉴意义。     

On the origin of movable metal-type technique

China is the birthplace of woodblock, copperplate and non metal_type printing, movable metal_type technique, as the product of combination of copperplate and non metal_type technique, also originated in China. However, the problem on the origin of metal_type has not well been solved for a long time. This paper proved that metal_type was cast and used for paper money printing in China since the early 12th century, copper_type and tin_type technique was further developed during the 13th to 14th centuries, on the basis of investigation of excavated findings, textual research and scientific judgment. Finally a comparative research of the early metal_type technique in China, Korea and Europe was briefly discussed. A lot of unearthed material evidence were provided here.     

议美国俚语

就俚语在美国英语中占重要地位，它广泛应用于电影、电视及报刊杂志中，文章对美国俚语的起源和特点作一探讨。     

北京学的缘起

北京学属“因地中学”，分析了建立北京学这一新学科的起因并提出了建立一种“因地名学”式学科的三个前提，即１）有特定的不同于其它学科的研究对象，而且这一特定的对象必有其与众不同的特殊性。２）研究成果能直接或间接为社会服务。３）必须 了相当数量的相关成果。