Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

A new semisynthetic ergot peptide alkaloid: DCN 203-922

Summary We report the synthesis, stereochemistry and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of DCN 203-922, a novel ergot alkaloid of the cyclol type, which contains in its peptide moiety the uncommon amino acid L-allo-isoleucine.Part of this paper was reported by this author at the Herbstversammlung der Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft, Bern, in October 1986.     

溶剂萃取法制备碳酸盐的热力学讨论

向金属氯化物(Ⅰ)的水溶液中通入CO_2气体,以期制备相应的碳酸盐和酸式碳酸盐,在常温常压下,体系的△G>0,反应几乎是不可能的。向反应体系中加入有机溶剂(S),使生成的HCl即被萃取,可促进Ⅰ的继续转化。分析计算表明,S对HCl必须有很强的萃取能力,其K_萃须在10~5以上。研究了加入有机溶剂N_(235)前后,体系的热力学状态、函数及其变化。加入N_(235)后,K_萃值增大了5个数量级。考察了温度、时间和通气次数对系统热力学性质的影响。根据反应的耦合原理和热力学分析,提出萃取剂选择的原则。结合实验数据的估算说明:溶剂萃取法由Ⅰ和CO_2制备碳酸盐的工艺路线是可行的。     

A major metabolite of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces its cataleptic effect in mice

Summary The results described here demonstrate that THC-induced catalepsy in mice can be substantially inhibited by the prior administration of ¹-THC-7-oic acid, the major metabolite of THC in most species including humans. This raises the possibility that the intensity and duration of action of THC may depend to a large degree on the levels of this metabolite at the sites of action.We thank the National Institute on Drug Abuse for supporting this project by grants DA-02043 and DA-02052 and for supplying all of the cannabinoids. One of us (S.B.) is also the recipient of a Research Scientist Award from NIDA. We are grateful to Kristen Carlson and Thomas Honeyman for helpful suggestions in preparing this report.     

土坯力学性能及受压本构模型研究

为获取传统土坯受压应力-应变特性,确定其数学表达式,针对湿制法和干打法制作的土坯开展了单轴抗压试验和三点抗折试验。分别从抗压、抗折强度、破坏机理以及应力-应变关系等方面分析了两类土坯的力学性能。结果表明,普通砌墙砖的抗压及抗折试验方法均适用于传统土坯,干打土坯的抗压强度为湿制土坯的3倍,抗折强度为湿制土坯的1.3倍,但湿制土坯的断裂能为干打土坯的2.5倍。受压初期,干打土坯的应力-应变曲线存在因土料压密而导致的下凹段,而湿制土坯未表现出该特性。基于两类土坯单轴受压状态下的应力-应变曲线特征,提出了土坯单轴受压本构模型,该本构模型与试验数据吻合较好,可用于土坯砌体结构的数值模拟研究。     

Improvement in hydrogen storage performance of Mg by mechanical grinding with molten salt etching Ti3C2Clx

Mg-based materials are currently a hot research topic as hydrogen storage materials due to their considerable theoretical hydrogen storage capacity. However, the kinetic performance of hydrogen absorption and desorption of Mg is too slow and requires high temperature, which seriously hinders the application of this material. MXene is a new type of two-dimensional material with significant role in improving thermodynamics and kinetics. In this experiment, a two-dimensional layered MXene containing Cl functional group was prepared by molten salt etching using the Ti-containing MAX phase as the raw material. Then different ratios of Ti₃C₂Cl_x were uniformly dispersed onto the surface of Mg by high energy ball milling. The samples were characterized by hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics, SEM, XRD, XPS, and DSC to investigate the effect of Ti₃C₂Cl_x on the hydrogen absorption and desorption performance of Mg. The onset hydrogen absorption temperature can be reduced to room temperature and the hydrogen release temperature is reduced by 200 ​°C by doping Ti₃C₂Cl_x. And there is also 5.4 ​wt% hydrogen storage in the isothermal hydrogen absorption test at 400 ​°C. The results of DSC demonstrate that the E_a of Mg+15 ​wt% Ti₃C₂Cl_x was reduced by 12.6% compared to pristine Mg. The ΔH is almost invariable. The results of XPS show that the presence of multivalent Ti promotes electron transfer and thus improves the conversion between Mg²⁺/Mg and H⁻/H. This study provides a guideline for further improving the hydrogen absorption and desorption performance of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.     

外源有机酸协同生物炭对土壤微量元素的影响

为未来改善生物炭和有机酸共存的土壤营养状况提供参考依据,有必要探究生物炭和有机酸共存对土壤中微量元素的影响。以玉米秸秆为原材料制备生物炭,采集不同深度的黄棕壤,选择柠檬酸和苹果酸这2种酸进行试验,除对照外共设置8个不同处理方式,分别是不施加或施加生物炭的表土加柠檬酸处理、不施加或施加生物炭的表土加苹果酸处理、不施加或施加生物炭的底土加柠檬酸处理和不施加或施加生物炭的底土加苹果酸处理。结果表明：（1）与对照组相比,施加2种有机酸增加了土壤中的铁和锰的溶出,且柠檬酸处理的土壤溶液中的铁和锰含量高于苹果酸处理;（2）由于底土和表土存在理化性质的差异,影响了铁和锰的溶出量,底土溶液锰的溶出量高达0.34 mmol/L,而表土溶液铁的溶出量高达0.7 mmol/L;3）2%的生物炭没有完全阻碍两种有机酸对微量元素的溶出。结论 有机酸可以活化土壤中的铁和锰,其活化效果与有机酸种类、浓度、金属、土壤酸碱度有关,且生物炭的施加对阻碍有机酸活化土壤中微量元素的能力有限。     

测长仪器数字化微机化改造中的精度保证

本文介绍了测长仪器数字化微机化改造中的精度保证方法:标尺倾斜调整法和计算机软件补偿法。作者将这些方法应用于万能工具显微镜的改造中,获得了满意的效果。该方法简单有效,而且亦适用于新测长仪器的制造。文中还对测长标尺的制造提出了“标尺刻度间距的公差带应正向单向布置”的指导性意见。     

江西樟树四特酒香味成分的GC／MS分析

通过对四特酒进行化学处理、分类收集组分,采用GC/MS联用技术对各组分进行分离与定性定量测定,分离出130多个色谱峰,鉴定出65个化合物.     

“灰箱”的辩识与控制——一种简便实用的自适应控制方法

以在蒸汽机车锅炉减温群控系统中成功地实现自适应控制为例,介绍一种用单板机对“灰箱”进行在线辩识和自校正调节的方法,并提出了简化的自适应控制算式.