主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的起源与进化概述

主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)是免疫球蛋白超基因家族中的一个大类,MHC分子作为个体标志抗原早已为大家所熟悉,因而在脊椎动物进化中扮演着不可替代的角色.到目前为止,我们已经完成了包括从真兽亚纲(胎盘动物)到非哺乳动物的部分物种,包括鸟类、硬骨鱼及软骨鱼(如鲨鱼)的MHC的基因结构图,但是由于在非哺乳动物和哺乳动物中MHC的基因结构和复杂度不一样,所以很难对非哺乳动物向哺乳动物进化的这一时间段进行有效的进化史或系统演化史研究.研究人员推测,原始MHC分子的进化最初是与发育调控需求相关的,就其进化机制及进化意义做一综述.     

脂肪细胞分化: 一个故事、两个章节

细胞分化是多细胞个体发育和干细胞实现功能活动的基本过程. 作为诱导白色脂肪细胞分化的体外模型, 小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞系的定向分化过程由依赖于细胞周期特定时相(接触抑制期)的许可阶段和独立于细胞周期的执行阶段所组成. 在接触抑制期, 通过细胞代谢方式、细胞周期调控因子和细胞信号转导通路之间的相互作用, 决定了各种染色质表观遗传修饰因子的活动, 从而导致具备脂肪细胞分化潜能的染色质表观遗传修饰模式的形成. 在随后的执行阶段, 这种分化潜能被激素诱发, 通过复杂的基因调控网络的动态活动, 使各种控制脂肪细胞分化基因表达的转录因子按既定的分化时间表打开或者关闭, 并决定相关的靶基因的表达, 最终导致了脂肪细胞的形成.     

城市河道黑臭评价模型研究进展

介绍了城市河道黑臭的成因及机理,评述了目前国内外在城市河道黑臭评价方面所取得的一系列成果.对目前国内外各类河道黑臭评价模型进行比较,筛选出多元线性回归模型、有机污染指数模型、黑臭多因子加权指数模型和综合水质标识指数法这几种使用较为广泛的模型并进行分析,并对城市河道黑臭评价模型建立的发展趋势进行了展望.     

市场机制和政府调控下的产学研合作创新网络演化博弈仿真——以新能源汽车产业为例

以新能源汽车产学研合作创新网络为实证分析对象,运用网络演化博弈理论和仿真分析方法,剖析在市场机制和政府调控下,产学研合作创新网络中创新主体合作行为与网络结构在互动过程下的演化规律。研究结果表明：市场机制和政府调控对于创新主体维护合作行为和网络集聚都具有促进作用;创新主体合作行为与网络结构之间具有协同互动关系,并且市场机制和政府调控的作用越大,两者间协同互动作用越明显。在市场机制下,市场机制作用的增强会降低网络演化的速度;只有当市场机制作用超过一定阈值时,维护合作行为才会在创新主体间涌现出来。在政府调控下,创新主体对于政府调控较为敏感;当政府调控力度处于阈值水平时,不利于创新主体间合作关系的维持。     

Vaults and the major vault protein: Novel roles in signal pathway regulation and immunity

The unique and evolutionary highly conserved major vault protein (MVP) is the main component of ubiquitous, large cellular ribonucleoparticles termed vaults. The 100 kDa MVP represents more than 70% of the vault mass which contains two additional proteins, the vault poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP) and the telomerase-associated protein 1 (TEP1), as well as several short untranslated RNAs (vRNA). Vaults are almost ubiquitously expressed and, besides chemotherapy resistance, have been implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes including transport mechanisms, signal transmissions and immune responses. Despite a growing amount of data from diverse species and systems, the definition of precise vault functions is still highly complex and challenging. Here we review the current knowledge on MVP and vaults with focus on regulatory functions in intracellular signal transduction and immune defence. Received 27 June 2008; received after revision 25 July 2008; accepted 30 July 2008     

一类随机非线性系统的输出反馈全局镇定

将基于增益观测器的非线性系统输出反馈全局镇定控制器设计方法推广到随机情形,使之适用于一般的随机非线性系统.与已有基于反步法设计的镇定控制器相比,该方法不要求该随机非线性系统满足严格反馈条件,对其噪声向量函数也不要求满足光滑性条件.基于李亚普诺夫第二方法,讨论了所设计的控制器稳定的条件.一个二阶仿真算例表明该控制器设计方法是有效的.     

Tribbles: novel regulators of cell function; evolutionary aspects

Identification of rate-limiting steps or components of intracellular second messenger systems holds promise to effectively interfere with these pathways under pathological conditions. The emerging literature on a recently identified family of signalling regulator proteins, called tribbles gives interesting clues for how these proteins seem to link several ‘independent’ signal processing systems together. Via their unique way of action, tribbles co-ordinate the activation and suppression of the various interacting signalling pathways and therefore appear to be key in determining cell fate while responding to environmental challenges. This review summarises our current understanding of tribbles function and also provides an evolutionary perspective on the various tribbles genes. Received 10 January 2006; received after revision 20 March 2006; accepted 5 April 2006     

Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?

Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), a Zn²⁺-dependent thiolmethyltransferase, contributes to the regulation of homocysteine levels, increases in which are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Most plasma homocysteine is generated through the liver methionine cycle, in which BHMT metabolizes approximately 25% of this non-protein amino acid. This process allows recovery of one of the three methylation equivalents used in phosphatidylcholine synthesis through transmethylation, a major homocysteine-producing pathway. Although BHMT has been known for over 40 years, the difficulties encountered in its isolation precluded detailed studies until very recently. Thus, the last 10 years, since the sequence became available, have yielded extensive structural and functional data. Moreover, recent findings offer clues for potential new functions for BHMT. The purpose of this review is to provide an integrated view of the knowledge available on BHMT, and to analyze its putative roles in other processes through interactions uncover to date. Received 26 May 2006; received after revision 3 July 2006; accepted 24 August 2006     

Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects

Many notions regarding the function, structure and regulation of cholera toxin expression have remained essentially unaltered in the last 15 years. At the same time, recent findings have generated additional perspectives. For example, the cholera toxin genes are now known to be carried by a non-lytic bacteriophage, a previously unsuspected condition. Understanding of how the expression of cholera toxin genes is controlled by the bacterium at the molecular level has advanced significantly and relationships with cell-density-associated (quorum-sensing) responses have recently been discovered. Regarding the cell intoxication process, the mode of entry and intracellular transport of cholera toxin are becoming clearer. In the immunological field, the strong oral immunogenicity of the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) has been exploited in the development of a now widely licensed oral cholera vaccine. Additionally, CTB has been shown to induce tolerance against co-administered (linked) foreign antigens in some autoimmune and allergic diseases. Received 25 October 2007; accepted 12 December 2007     

六垛南闸闸下淤积现状分析

针对我国在滨海河口地区修建的挡潮闸在河口建闸后普遍存在的泥沙淤积问题,根据苏北灌溉总渠入海口六垛南闸等处的实测资料,分析该挡潮闸下潮汐引河通道冲淤特性,指出挡潮闸下引河的潮流特性、潮流挟沙特性及引河淤积的原因。认为对闸门进行科学合理的控制、有效利用上游有限的泄水量和闸下落潮水流拖淤来防淤减淤是较为简便易行且经济的措施。