Microbes,mathematics, and models

Microbial model systems have a long history of fruitful use in fields that include evolution and ecology. In order to develop further insight into modelling practice, we examine how the competitive exclusion and coexistence of competing species have been modelled mathematically and materially over the course of a long research history. In particular, we investigate how microbial models of these dynamics interact with mathematical or computational models of the same phenomena. Our cases illuminate the ways in which microbial systems and equations work as models, and what happens when they generate inconsistent findings about shared targets. We reveal an iterative strategy of comparative modelling in different media, and suggest reasons why microbial models have a special degree of epistemic tractability in multimodel inquiry.     

MA/AA水相聚合及性能评价

合成了马来酸一丙烯酸共聚物阻垢剂,对引发剂用量、溶剂水量、催化剂用量以及反应温度等影响反应结果的主要因素,通过实验进行优选。结果表明:在马来酸酐50份、丙烯酸11份固定的条件下。采用引发剂25份、溶剂水15份、催化剂0.03份、反应温度100℃、反应时间4h,合成的共聚物阻垢效果最佳。静态阻垢性能测试结果(按照Q/SYDQ0833-2002标准进行评价),阻垢率达82.5%。其效果优于马来酸单聚物,且成本低于1:1摩尔比的马丙共聚物。     

滞后中立型线性离散系统的滞后无关稳定性判据

给出了几个滞后中立型线性离散系统稳定性的充分条件，由于这些条件与滞后无关且形成简单，对于初步判定其稳定性提供了有用的工具。     

热压烧结ZrB2／B4C陶瓷材料的组织与性能

以B4C、C、ZrO2为主要原料,采用反应热压法制备ZrB2／B4C陶瓷材料。通过对ZrB2／B4C陶瓷材料的显微组织及力学性能的综合分析,发现第二相ZrB2含量为20wt％时,材料具有较好的综合力学性能,相对密度为99．3％,维氏硬度为36．1GPa,抗弯强度为533．3MPa,断裂韧性为6．95MPa·m^1/2,比纯B4C陶瓷材料的性能均有所提高。材料为穿晶和沿晶断裂的混合断裂模式。     

Varieties of noise: Analogical reasoning in synthetic biology

The picture of synthetic biology as a kind of engineering science has largely created the public understanding of this novel field, covering both its promises and risks. In this paper, we will argue that the actual situation is more nuanced and complex. Synthetic biology is a highly interdisciplinary field of research located at the interface of physics, chemistry, biology, and computational science. All of these fields provide concepts, metaphors, mathematical tools, and models, which are typically utilized by synthetic biologists by drawing analogies between the different fields of inquiry. We will study analogical reasoning in synthetic biology through the emergence of the functional meaning of noise, which marks an important shift in how engineering concepts are employed in this field. The notion of noise serves also to highlight the differences between the two branches of synthetic biology: the basic science-oriented branch and the engineering-oriented branch, which differ from each other in the way they draw analogies to various other fields of study. Moreover, we show that fixing the mapping between a source domain and the target domain seems not to be the goal of analogical reasoning in actual scientific practice.     

The US Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate: Structural Modeling and Forecasting During the Recent Financial Crises

The paper investigates the determinants of the US dollar/euro within the framework of the asset pricing theory of exchange rate determination, which posits that current exchange rate fluctuations are determined by the entire path of current and future revisions in expectations about fundamentals. In this perspective, we innovate by conditioning on Fama–French and Carhart risk factors, which directly measures changing market expectations about the economic outlook, on new financial condition indexes and macroeconomic variables. The macro‐finance augmented econometric model has a remarkable in‐sample and out‐of‐sample predictive ability, largely outperforming a standard autoregressive specification. We also document a stable relationship between the US dollar/euro Carhart momentum conditional correlation (CCW) and the euro area business cycle. CCW signals a progressive weakening in economic conditions since June 2014, consistent with the scattered recovery from the sovereign debt crisis and the new Greek solvency crisis exploded in late spring/early summer 2015. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于聚邻苯二胺和纳米金电位型免疫传感器的研究

利用电聚合和电沉积技术将邻苯二胺和纳米金固定在石墨电极上,通过白组装的方法使抗体（羊抗小鼠IgG）与石墨电极表面上的纳米金结合,制备了一种免疫传感器（Ab／GNPs／POPD／GE）,并对实验条件进行了优化。该传感器能够对抗原（小鼠IgG）进行定量检测,具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、检测范围宽等优良性能。其检测范围为4．0×10^-～1．0×10^-3ng／mL,检测下限为1．0×10^-3ng／mL．而且该免疫传感器具有较高的选择性和较好的稳定性,寿命可达15d左右。     

金丝桃素抑制慢性病毒性心肌炎小鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Fas／FasL蛋白表达

目的观察金丝桃素对慢性病毒性心肌炎（VMC）小鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Fas／FasL蛋白表达的影响。方法Balb／C小鼠多次接种心肌柯萨奇段病毒复制慢性VMC模型,首次感染病毒45天后将存活小鼠分为模型组、金丝桃素组及氯沙坦组,同时设正常对照组．分别给予相应药物干预30天,采用原位末端标记法检测心肌细胞凋亡及免疫组化方法检测Fas／FasL蛋白表达。结果模型组心肌细胞凋亡率较正常组显著增加（P〈0．05）,金丝桃素组和氯沙坦组凋亡率较模型组显著降低（P〈0．05）。模型组Fas／FasL蛋白表达较正常组显著增多（P〈0．01）,金丝桃素组和氯沙坦组较模型组显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论金丝桃素保护心肌细胞与抑制VMC心肌细胞的凋亡．下调Fas／FasL蛋白表达有关。     

经济-资源-环境系统自组织演化的新模型

经济-资源-环境（ERE）系统是个典型的开放复杂自组织系统,将广义信息熵的概念引入复杂ERE系统,建立其普适的结构自组织演化方程,形成了复杂系统建模新方法,可揭示复杂ERE系统中多主体作用动力学及结构自组织演化过程。以国家可持续发展实验区ERE发展模式为例,根据1994～2005年指标数据,对其发展演化过程做了具体的模拟研究,揭示了实验区规划的实施对可持续发展系统的改进和完善是一个复杂的自组织过程.     

技术和价格不确定下企业研发投资决策研究

随着科学技术的迅速发展,研发(RD)活动对企业的生存与发展日益重要.本文将企业研发投资项目所承受的风险分为两种:研发前期不可对冲的技术风险,以及研发产品投入市场时因价格和需求的不确定性所承受的价格风险,而后者是可以部分对冲的.本文考虑一个以创新研发投资为主的企业,如何进行相应的投资消费问题.通过建立效用最大化模型,运用随机最优控制理论与方法得到关于指数效用函数的最优策略,同时阐述了研发投资价值及其投资/中止阈值.数值结果表明:较大的技术风险,会产生更大的信息生成价值,使得研发的总价值不减反增;风险厌恶态度对企业的研发价值以及研发/中止阈值都有较明显的影响;因研发信息生成价值的存在,使得研发/中止阈值不同于传统净现值(NPV)降为零的阈值.