Membrane permeability changes duringRana oocyte maturation

A transition from an open system to a closed one must occur during the complex process of meiotic maturation of the amphibian oocyte. Membrane permeability to urea inRana oocytes following progesterone stimulation was determined, and the largest decrease was found to coincide with germinal vesicle breakdown. These findings suggest that the timing of the disappearance of membrane permeability correlates with developmental events that prepare the oocyte for a hostile environment.     

一类阶段结构蚊子种群的分析

为了研究有限的资源以及蚊子幼虫成熟时间对蚊子种群的影响,建立了一个带有饱和增长率的蚊子种群模型并对该模型进行了基本的数学分析,包括平衡点的存在性及其稳定性。另外,还进行了一些关键参数的敏感性分析.研究结果表明减少资源和幼蚊的成熟时间,是控制蚊子数量的有效方法.     

小鼠不同类型孤雌激活卵的形成及其孤雌胚发育状况的研究

注射hCG18h后收集小鼠卵母细胞,采用不同试剂和作用不同时间对其进行激活,观察不同类型激活卵的形成情况及孤雌胚的发育状况,并对单倍体孤雌胚进行了核型分析。结果表明：1）几种激活方法均可得到均质单倍体、嵌合单倍体、1个原核（1PN）的杂合二倍体和2个原核（2PN）的杂合二倍体4种孤雌激活类型。乙醇及Srcl2单独激活后出现单倍体的比率较高;而乙醇联合6-DMAP以及Srcl2联合CB激活后出现二倍体的比率较高;2）10％的乙醇单独作用10min,卵母细胞激活率最高,达到63．3％;在激活卯的原核类型上,2-细胞（嵌合单倍体）的比率随着乙醇刺激强度的增加而增加,但乙醇单独激活后过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率较差;3）10％的乙醇处理5min后染色观察发现出现2细胞嵌合单倍体的比例较高,但接着用6-DMAP分别处理2、4、6h,跟踪观察发现杂合二倍体类型出现比率随时间延长而升高,处理6h后出现2PN杂合二倍体比率最高,且过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率也显著高于乙醇单独激活,但嵌合单倍体数量较不加6-DMAP时却减少;4）10％的乙醇、2mmol／L的6-DMAP联合5μg／mL的CB处理6h后,过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率与不加CB比较差异不显著;5）10mmol／L的Srcl2单独及联合CB分别作用2、4h均能有效激活小鼠卵母细胞,单独及联合CB作用4h的激活率最高,两者差异不显著;在激活卵的原核类型,Srcl2单独激活后出现单倍体类型的比率较高,而联合CB后出现二倍体的比率较高,且过二细胞阻滞率及桑葚胚的发育率与Srcl2单独作用相比差异显著;6）先Srcl2处理1h后染色观察发现形成均质单倍体的比例较高,但接着用CB分别处理1、2h,跟踪观察发现杂合二倍体类型出现比率大大提高,同时发现均质单倍体类型数目反而有所减少。结论：小鼠卵母细?     

卵细胞体外成熟(IVM)在小鼠生物净化中的应用

目的 在小鼠生物净化中,从超排后未排卵的卵巢,取卵泡内未成熟卵采用卵母细胞体外成熟(in vitro maturation,IVM)使之在体外成熟并具备受精能力,以提高卵子利用率和作为常规促超排失败的一种补救措施。方法 在小鼠生物净化中,取注射PMSG和HCG后未排卵卵巢,在实体显微镜下划破卵泡挑选卵丘卵母细胞复合物(COCs),置于成熟液滴中在体外发育成熟。同时以注射PMSG和HCG后正常超排卵、只注射PMSG后取未成熟卵体外成熟和注射PMSG和HCG后取疑似成熟卵和裸卵体外成熟作为对照。经体外受精、体外胚胎发育后,将2-细胞胚移植到受体输卵管,使其在受体内发育成为成熟的个体。结果 注射PMSG和HCG后未排卵组(A组),卵细胞体外成熟率为87.0%±3.2%,二胞率为55.1%±12.3%,囊胚率为23.1%,移植41枚二细胞胚至2只受体鼠,出生5只幼崽,产仔率12.2%。只注射PMSG,48 h后取未成熟卵组(B组),体外成熟率为83.9%±3.9%,二胞率为51.8%±9.3%,囊胚率为38.5%±13.9%。注射PMSG和HCG正常超排组(C组),其二胞率为78.9%±0.6%,囊胚率为78.0%±3.8%。注射PMSG和HCG未排卵卵巢,取裸卵和疑似成熟卵(D组),体外成熟培养0 h,6 h和16～18 h,其成熟率、二胞率和囊胚率与其它三组相比均较低且有极显著性差异。A组和B组与正常对照C组相比,二胞率均有显著性差异,囊胚率均有极显著性差异。结论 卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)可以作为小鼠生物净化中促超排失败的一种补救措施,并且可以提高珍稀品系小鼠的卵子利用率。     

供卵与激素替代治疗卵巢早衰妊娠成功（附2例报告）

报道了２ 例卵巢功能早衰患者采用供卵与激素替代治疗,通过体外受精－ 胚胎移植成功地获得妊娠,并分娩存活新生儿３ 名．文中对卵巢早衰的诊治和受卵成功因素进行了讨论     

四氯化碳对雌性小鼠卵母细胞成熟和体外受精等影响

探讨了四氯化碳对小鼠生殖作用的影响.采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养、体外受精的方法研究了四氯化碳对小鼠卵母细胞的成熟和体外受精的影响.结果表明:四氯化碳对小鼠脏器、超排卵的卵母细胞数量和卵母细胞生发泡破裂没有影响,但可以抑制卵母细胞第一极体的释放,影响卵母细胞的存活率并可降低体外受精率.四氯化碳可以破坏卵母细胞减数分裂进行,降低卵母细胞的受精能力,具有潜在的生殖毒性.     

Effective strategy of the overwintering of semiaquatic bugs: overwintering of Velia caprai (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)

Overwintering of Velia caprai was studied during the winter months 2006–2007 in the area of South Bohemia (Czech Republic) by (1) field phenological observations and samples, (2) study of artificially established experimental cohorts in an unheated glasshouse, and (3) auxiliary experiments in a laboratory. Velia caprai has a unique way of overwintering within the gerromorphan bugs that is rare among insects generally; it can overwinter in both an adult and an egg stage. Most females reach sexual maturity before overwintering, mate with mature males, overwinter actively on the water surface and lay eggs during the winter. The dormant eggs can be induced to hatch by increasing temperatures. Winter oviposition can be interpreted as a sign of a risk‐spreading reproductive strategy. The overwintering of both adults and eggs provides a chance to adapt to changes in the local environmental conditions and could be an important determinant in broad variability of life‐history traits.     

中华蚱蜢卵子发生的观察

对中华蚱(Acrida chinensis)卵子发生过程进行了形态观察及描述．根据卵母细胞体积及核的变化、卵黄形成、滤泡细胞的形态变化等特征指标显示，可将卵子发生划分为八个阶段．第一阶段：卵母细胞位于原卵区，处于第一次减数分裂的前期．第二阶段：卵母细胞进入生长阶段，滤泡细胞零星地在其周围．第三阶段：卵母细胞体积变大，滤泡细胞呈单层均匀包围卵母细胞．第四阶段：进入卵黄形成准备期．第五阶段：卵黄形成开始．第六阶段：卵母细胞内充满卵黄，卵母细胞核膜消失．第七阶段：卵壳出现，滤泡细胞呈扁平状．第八阶段：卵子发育成熟．     

Adventitious juice vesicle initiation in lemon (Citrus limon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) fruit explants

Summary Adventitious juice vesicles have been obtained from lemon, mandarin and navel and sour orange juice vesicle explants cultured for prolonged periods on a nutrient medium containing 3.0% sucrose in vitro.     

The role of proteolytic processing in the morphogenesis of virus particles

Proteinases are encoded by many RNA viruses, all retroviruses and several DNA viruses. They play essential roles at various stages in viral replication, including the coordinated assembly and maturation of virions. Most of these enzymes belong to one of three (Ser, Cys or Asp) of the four major classes of proteinases, and have highly substrate-selective and cleavage specific activities. They can be thought of as playing one of two general roles in viral morphogenesis. Structural proteins are encoded by retroviruses and many RNA viruses as part of large polyproteins. Their proteolytic release is a prerequisite to particle assembly; consequent structural rearrangement of the capsid domains serves to regulate and direct association and assembly of capsid subunits. The second general role of proteolysis is in assembly-dependent maturation of virus particles, which is accompanied by the acquisition of infectivity.