石河子地区的热量资源与绿洲农业Ⅱ、准噶尔盆地沙漠沉积冷空气对石河子绿洲农业影响的研究

新疆内流型绿洲的最大特点是绿洲分布在山前至沙漠的倾斜平原上,形成沙漠与绿洲不同部位的高度差。冬季处于地势低洼的沙漠沉积冷空气最多,绿洲则随着高度上升而冷空气逐渐减少,导致不同部位的温度差异,影响作物布局及有关农业技术。石河子地区夏季沙漠的增温效应直接影响绿洲不同部位的气温,形成距离沙漠越远,温度越低,呈负相关关系(r=-0.8813*);冬季沙漠与绿洲由于沉积冷空气多少的差异,也形成距离与温度的弱正相关关系(r=0.8489);在春、秋季沙漠与绿洲间的温度则无相关关系(r=-0.4218及0.5524)。以上共同构成石河子绿洲农业的热量特征。     

Stability of patches of oasis landscape in arid areas:A case study of Sangong River Watershed,Xinjiang,China

The stability of oases is one of the key scientific issues in the process of evolution and management of oases in arid areas. The stability of oases and its representation are also different at different scales. This paper deals with the stability of oases at the landscape patch scale with a case study in the Sangong River Watershed of Tianshan Mountains. We employed the remote sensing, geographic information system and mathematical statistical methods to process the remote sensing images of three periods in 1978, 1987 and 1998, and put forward the approaches for representing the oasis stability at the landscape patch scale. The landscape control capacity of oasis patches is a kind of natural driving forces of the dynamic landscape change. The control capacity of a certain patch type on landscape change increases with its area and shape complexity and contrasts between it and other patches, and reduces with its spatial distances between it and other patches. The patch type with the strongest control capacity should be the matrix of landscape. The conversion of oasis landscape patches results from both natural and anthropogenic driving forces, particularly the anthropogenic driving forces. The higher the conversion proportion is, the lower the stability of patch types is and the stronger the anthropogenic disturbance is. The patch type with the strongest net control capacity in the Sangong River Watershed in 1987 was the desert grassland, which was the matrix of landscapes; but the matrix of landscapes had been changed into the irrigated lands in 1987 and 1998. The control capacities of landscape patches on the oasis landscape evolution have gradually reduced with time in the Sangong River Watershed, and the change extents also have reduced gradually. This reveals that the interaction among the landscape patch types generally tends to reduce, and the natural stability of the oasis landscape patches generally tends to increase. However, the conversion among the landscape patches occurs more frequently due to the increase of intensive human activities, which probably causes the lower stability of environmental resources patch and higher stability of introduced patches in the oasis landscape.     

水资源约束下的典型干旱区农业水土平衡研究

随着经济的发展,人类活动直接或间接地改变着土地利用方式和土地覆被结构,进而改变水资源分配,影响了绿洲内部的生态环境和过程。策勒绿洲土地资源丰富,光照充足,但是水土资源利用不平衡,可利用的水资源量并不多,可用水的缺乏造成土地的开荒—撂荒—开荒的反复,使得策勒绿洲耕地面积波动较大。日益膨胀的绿洲过度耗水,进一步影响到绿洲外围山区水源区环境,造成荒漠水分不足,影响植被生长。通过对农业水土资源利用的研究,简析了水土平衡的重要意义,为策勒绿洲水土资源合理开发利用提供依据。图1,表4,参3。     

阜康大绿洲生态经济系统点-轴-带-圈空间结构模式

以建立新疆阜康绿洲区域可持续发展的空间结构为目标,运用景观生态学和区域经济理论与方法,归纳了绿洲空间演变的历史过程和规律,提出大绿洲生态经济系统(MPOED)概念,并以此为基础设计了大系统内的生态经济的点-轴-带-圈空间结构模式。图6,参4。     

且末绿洲规模扩张预警指标体系框架构建

在干旱区山地一荒漠一绿洲三大系统中,绿洲处于中心地位。但是随着人口的增加、社会经济的发展,绿洲生态系统所承载的压力日益增加,生态危机及可持续发展问题十分突出。确定绿洲发展的适度规模和扩张指标体系及规模预警是现代绿洲研究的核心。通过全面剖析且末绿洲系统、深入分析野外调查数据并与空间数据相结合、广泛查阅资料并分析,对绿洲规模扩张预警指标体系进行分类归并,构建了层次分明、逻辑清晰的绿洲规模扩张的预警指标框架体系,构思出3大类28项绿洲规模扩张预警指标体系,其对保持绿洲社会经济的持续、健康发展具有十分重要的战略意义。图4,参20。     

解放后新疆耕作制度的变革

解放后新疆的耕作制度经历了从传统向现代的变革 ,其中古老绿洲与新型绿洲间存在着差异。老绿洲利用麦茬复种多熟有很大发展 ;新型绿洲种植区域化、专业化布局发展很快 ,近年来在热量条件较好的地区多熟种植也有发展。与种植制度相适应的秸秆还田加化肥 ,或粪肥加化肥的养地技术也保证了种植制度的变革。完善的农田防护林体系是绿洲农业的永恒主题。     

Co-adaptation between modern oasis urbanization and water resources exploitation:A case of Urumqi

Water resources exploitation is always very important during the whole oasis urbanization in arid zone, adapting with urban development in between contradiction and coordination. Taking Urumqi City as a case, co-adaptation of water exploitation and urban growth is imitated by interactions between water supply and oasis city's expands on population, economy and environment. In different urbanization stages, the co-adaptation can be represented differently, which can be summarized by five phases: elementary coordination, expanding coordination, expanding contradiction, adapting contradiction, and adapting coordination. Cost of water consumption, proportion of water use and efficiency are the main influence factors to help the co-adaptation.