兴化湾工程建设对周边海域水沙环境影响

基于实测水文泥沙资料,建立和验证了兴化湾海域大小嵌套的二维潮流泥沙数学模型;模型与实测结果在水动力泥沙方面吻合,验证结果良好。以兴化湾港口规划工程为例,运用所建模型分析相关工程实施对周边海域水沙环境影响。结果表明:规划工程实施后,湾内流速局部有所调整;但变化范围和幅度均相对有限。采用断面潮量计算方法,得出工程前后湾内纳潮量中潮期间减小15%,大潮期间则为13. 1%; 1个月后,湾内水体交换率均在40%以上,与天然条件相比,交换率减小了6. 8%;工程后湾内含沙量仍保持了较低的状态;同时受近岸区滩涂围垦影响,使浅海区再悬浮泥沙来源减少,导致南侧海域含沙量有所降低。研究成果为兴化湾海域科学合理的规划布局提供一定的参考。     

悬移质含沙量的比热容测量方法

总结分析悬移质含沙量测量方法的代表性成果,评述各种测沙方法的适用性和突出优缺点。在此基础上,提出基于比热容原理测量含沙量的方法。该方法利用改制的比热容测量仪测定不同含沙量水体的比热容,建立含沙量与比热容之间的相互关系,进而通过测量浑水的比热容来确定水体含沙量。研究结果表明：水体含沙量与浑水比热容呈明显的负线性关系,可采用测量浑水比热容的方法来确定水体的含沙量;含沙量的测量精度与浑水比热容的测量精度密切相关。该方法从热学的角度研究水体的含沙量,旨在为泥沙动力学的研究提供新思路。     

复杂不均匀地层中地下结构波动响应频域分析

研究了不均匀岩土介质中隧洞衬砌的波动响应.比例边界有限元法被用来求解这一类问题.这种方法的优点是只需在边界上用有限元进行离散;无限介质的辐射条件自动得到满足;对一般不均匀介质的分析可不增加额外的工作量.方法的有效性得到二维无限空间中圆形孔洞在水平向SV波入射作用下波动响应的验证.计算了马蹄形隧洞衬砌周边的应力分布.不均匀的围岩介质包含几种情况:一是含两种不同特性介质的不连续界面;另一是围岩中含软弱夹层.数值结果表明:在两种不同特性介质的不连续界面附近,以及在软弱夹层附近都会出现应力集中现象.两种介质特性差别愈大,应力集中程度愈高.此外入射波的频率愈高,应力集中现象也愈明显.这些结论对于地下结构的抗震设计将具有重要参考价值.     

Identification of the deposited layers in landslides reservoir and investigation of the sediment yields during the later sixteenth century on the Hill Loess Plateau,China

There are many sediment trapping reservoirs in the Hill Loess Plateau. The Huangtuwa small catchment is selected as a research field where samples were collected in a sediment deposit profile with a vertical length of 12.73 m. By the variation of fine particle content and pollen concentration, 54 flood couples were identified. Taking the freeze-thawing disturbed texture as the sign of the latest flood couple in a year, it is ascertained that those 54 floods should happen in 31 years. Using pyramid volume calculation formula, the sediment yields of flood ranged between 716-30376 t· km^-2, The average sediment yield was 7106 t· km^-2, The annual sediment yields varied between 968-55579 t· （km^2· a）^-1, and the average value is 12629 t· （km^2· a）^-1. Compared with the modern annual sediment discharge of the Huaining River, the erosion rate in the Huangtuwa region 450 years ago was similar to the modern erosion rate. In the period from the 27th year to the 31st year, the average annual sediment yield increased sharply to 31309 t· （km^2· a）^-1. It implied that re-reclamation of the abandoned land in the catchment since the landslide disaster, where vegetation had rehabilitated already, caused very severe soil erosion in the catchment.     

南湖疏浚后底泥中氮、磷分布规律研究

为了解疏浚后南湖底泥中氮磷等营养元素的分布规律,选取湖泊周围及中心6处取样。通过实验测定底泥中总磷、总氮含量,发现：（1）在疏浚后,湖泊底泥中氮磷含量仍然很高,比大型浅水湖底泥中含量要高得多;（2）从水平分布来看,湖泊四周的氮、磷营养元素含量比湖中心处要高,且西部自北向南形成较高区域,、整个湖泊各监测点处总氮含量要比总磷含量高得多;（3）从垂直分布看,湖泊底泥中营养元素在表层下约100cm处达到最大值,总氮、总磷含量随深度的变化关系并不单一的增减。底泥疏浚时,需考虑合理的疏浚深度。     

正交曲线坐标系准三维全沙数学模型

为了定量地预测规划河道特别是规划河堰附近的河床冲淤情况,做好拦河堰与河道的规划工作,建立了一个能考虑各泥沙粒径组的级配、流线曲率与流路曲率的差异以及能同时对推移质与悬移质泥沙进行计算的正交曲线坐标系准三维全沙数学模型.用正规划重建倒伏式拦河堰的某河的现有河道实测资料对该模型进行了验证.验证结果表明,冲淤计算结果与实测结果基本一致.以该河规划重建的倒伏式拦河堰为讨论对象,取其上下游一定的规划河道区间为计算河段,对设计洪水时的冲淤情况进行了模拟预测.预测结果表明:该模型的水位计算结果与一维非均匀流模型的计算结果基本一致并更符合河道的地形特征,河道冲淤趋势符合河道及水流的特征;规划堰上下游附近的河床冲刷量最大为3.0 m,整个计算河段的冲淤量也在-3.0~3.0 m范围内.可见,规划河道具有较好的稳定性,规划堰的选址是比较合适的.     

承钢高炉炉缸沉积物的形成机理

在热力学分析的基础上,研究了承钢高炉炉缸沉积物的形成机理。结果表明:承钢高炉炉缸沉积物中的高熔点物质主要为TiC及少量的Ti(N,C)、Ti(C,N)。炉渣中的TiO2与焦炭发生直接还原反应生成TiC,随着铁液的形成,渣中的TiC被铁滴吸附,包裹在铁滴周围。TiC包裹着铁液沉降到炉底形成炉缸沉积物;在渣-铁界面和铁水-炉底耐火材料界面,由于浓度梯度和温度梯度的存在析出Ti(N,C)、Ti(C,N),铁水和炉渣团聚在炉缸中形成炉缸沉积物。     

利用水文法分析汾河水库上游的减沙效益

以汾河水库上游的降雨、径流、输沙和水库泥沙淤积量等资料为基础,用水文法分析计算了汾河水库上游水土保持措施中的减沙效益,并对减沙效益进行了合理修正.研究表明,治理期间(1998-2004年)流域平均降水量比基准期(1958-1972年)减少4.9%,水库来水量减少38.5%,水库年平均减沙量为1005×104t.其中由于水土保持治理,年平均减沙775×104t,减沙率50.6%.     

滴灌用泥砂分离器的性能预测与改型设计

为了改善滴灌系统泥砂分离器的性能,利用CFD软件对旋流式固液分离器内固液两相流场进行三维数值模拟.针对计算与试验结果分析原型机流场存在的问题,根据水力旋流器分离旋流动力学要求和数值模拟结果对泥砂分离器进行改型设计.通过改变分离器进口、溢流口形状与尺寸、圆锥体与分离柱高度的比值等,寻求分布合理的内流场,使改型后的泥砂分离器具有符合设计要求的分离性能.改型后的泥砂分离器具有更高的分离效率和较低的压力损失,试验结果与预测结果比较吻合.     

The design of Three Gorges Hydropower Station

Using physical model and numerical simulation techniques,some technical problems were studied systematically,including layout of power station,measures of sediment and floating debris discharging,types of intake,embedded types of spiral case,layout of underground powerhouse tunnel group and block reinforcement.It was optimal in technique and economy with the arrangement of powerhouse at the dam-toe of both banks +underground powerhouse in the right bank,as well as the intake with a single and small orifice.The sediment and debris problems could be solved with disperse sediment ejection and floating debris discharging holes.With the adoption of techniques for spiral cases such as heat and pressure preservation,cushion layer and combined embedding,the stable operation of generating units can be guaranteed.The arrangement of tailrace tunnel with sloping ceiling was better than that of tailrace surge tank.The technical requirements related to the embedding type of spiral case were proposed.The reinforcement of huge unfavorable blocks was discussed and the new idea for block reinforcement using anti-sliding piles and normal compressive stress of structural plane was put forward.