生物质与煤气化特性的比较及对化工合成的影响

本文通过对生物质和煤炭的燃料特性、气化方法和合成工艺的比较,表明采用生物质气化合成气进行化工合成是可行的。与煤炭相比,生物质的气化方式尚需进一步完善,发展增压固定床富氧气化和改进流化床气化方式是较为可行的路线。采用生物质气化气进行化工合成时,低压甲醇合成及一步法二甲醚合成是适宜的合成路线。     

天然气/氢气/空气自燃着火过程的动力学特性

在定压条件下,基于GRI-Mesh 3.0机理(包含53种组分和325个基元反应),采用化学反应动力学模型,研究了在不同初始温度、压力和化学当量比等条件下,氢气掺混比例对天然气/氢气混合气体的自燃着火特性的影响。在仿真分析中,主要着眼于混合气体温度的变化,各主要组分浓度的变化,着火迟延时间的变化,以及火焰传播速度的变化等。研究结果表明:不同初始条件下,随着天然气掺氢比例的增加,混合气体的着火延迟时间明显缩短,火焰传播速度大幅提高,而对火焰温度影响较小。     

城市垃圾中植物性垃圾分析及处理

通过对石家庄市城市垃圾组成调查、分析,在城市垃圾中植物性垃圾占了总量的50％以上;做好植物性垃圾的分类和综合利用不仅有利于减低城市垃圾焚烧处理的成本,又能实现垃圾资源化,提升垃圾的社会价值,减轻垃圾处理中的环境危害。植物性垃圾属于无毒、无害垃圾,如果对城市植物性垃圾分类回收,应用沼气发酵方法进行处理,不仅能降低城市垃圾处理成本,又可以利用沼气发电产生经济效益,做到环境与经济效益双赢。     

SPE-GC-MS法检测尿液中丁丙诺啡及去环丙甲基丁丙诺啡

建立以氘代化合物为内标测定尿液中丁丙诺啡及去环丙甲基丁丙诺啡的GC-MS分析方法。尿液经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶水解后,加入d4-丁丙诺啡和d3-去环丙甲基丁丙诺啡氘代同位素内标物,固相萃取,经硅烷化试剂衍生化后,进行GC-MS-SIM模式分析。结果显示,在0.05～4.0μg/ml浓度范围内丁丙诺啡及去环丙甲基丁丙诺啡都呈现良好线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9997、0.9998,检出限分别为0.0017μg/ml,0.0085μg/ml;空白样品加标平均回收率86%,RSD分别为1.5%,2.3%。该方法简单、可靠、重复性好,可以应用于丁丙诺啡滥用者的尿液检测。     

一种组合K近邻聚类在煤与瓦斯突出预测中的应用

针对煤与瓦斯突出影响因素复杂,即不仅具有随机性,又具有模糊性。为了保证预测的准确性,采用组合聚类策略。通过建立多个k近邻聚类器,可以产生多个簇集。来自不同簇集的子簇之间必然存在交集,最后利用子簇的加权连通图合并子簇。以平顶山八煤矿煤与瓦斯突出的相关因素指标为基础,对历年的煤与瓦斯突出的数据进行聚类分析,预测结果表明,该方法具有较好的预测效果,为煤与瓦斯突出预测提供了一种新的解决方案。     

采空区高位钻孔瓦斯抽放的数值模拟

依据Darcy定律,在Navier-Stocks方程的基础上,对祁南煤矿综采工作面采空区瓦斯抽放问题作了计算分析,并进行了CFD数值模拟.从理论上模拟采空区瓦斯聚集过程,直观展示了瓦斯抽采时采空区流态、瓦斯分布变化.把抽放钻孔布置在顶板裂隙内,结合上隅角埋管实施瓦斯抽放,该抽放瓦斯技术起到了对开采工作面上隅角瓦斯的截流作用,现场管路测量显示,可抽出高浓度瓦斯达30%～80%(体积分数),工作面回风瓦斯的体积分数基本控制在0.3%以下.     

太钢4350m3高炉炉体热负荷

通过分析太钢4350m3高炉(5#高炉)炉缸以上冷却系统的设计特点,研究其在高煤比、高产量情况下炉内煤气流分布对炉体热负荷的影响.结果表明:太钢5#高炉的边缘气流指数W值控制在0.55左右;中心气流指数Z值应控制在8.8左右;5#高炉下部炉腰炉腹的热负荷较为稳定,而炉身的中上部稳定性较差;5#高炉的热负荷还有降低的潜力,热负荷控制在10～120GJ.h-1范围4350m3高炉仍可稳定操作.     

基于有限体积法的螺旋槽气体推力轴承润滑计算

为避免螺旋槽边界曲线对计算造成的不便,利用坐标变换将螺旋区域变为扇形单元,采用有限体积法得到气体雷诺方程的离散计算式,并将计算结果与已发表的有限差分法、有限元方法及解析算法的计算结果进行对照,验证了本文计算模型和数值方法的正确性.结果表明:当螺旋角在10°到15°之间取值时,承载力可获得最大值;槽深减小,压力增大,摩擦转矩也有一定的增加;压力分布的明显特点是:槽台交界处压力取极值;压缩数高,压力增大,压力梯度大.     

Improved and excellent ethanol sensing properties of SnO2/multiwalled carbon nanotubes

SnO₂/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been studied as gas sensing materials. Compared with pure SnO₂, SnO₂/MWNTs exhibit improved ethanol sensing properties such as higher sensitivity and quicker response/recovery at 300°C. The sensitivity is 35, 65, 166 and 243 to 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm ethanol, respectively. The response time is about 1 s, and the recovery time is about 5 s. The sensing improvement is explained in terms of the appropriate basal resistance and enhanced signal transfer brought by MWNTs.     

Identification of petroleum aromatic fraction by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) is com-mercially available in the 1990s, with the characteristics of large peak capacity, high resolution, high sensitivity, etc. However, its application to the petroleum and geological analyses is just emerging in China and overseas. In this research, the analytical method for petroleum aromatic fraction using GC×GC-TOFMS is set up, via the choice of the column system and optimization of setting parameters, such as temperature programming, modulation time, hot pulse time, flow rate of carrier gas, data acquisition rate and data processing. The results indicate that different polar compounds of aromatic fraction distribute as bands on structured GC×GC chromatogram. Within each band, homologous compounds appear as a roof-tile structure based on the number of substituent residues. The aromatic compounds are identified and characterized according to the GC×GC chromatogram and mass spectra. According to the polarity and the number of rings, aromatic compounds are spatially present on one chromatogram, which directly reflects the distribution characteristics of complex compounds of aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, quantitative analysis is favored as some overlapped peaks on traditional GC-MS chromatogram have been separated completely on GC×GC. Some heterocyclic atom aromatic compounds at trace level can be clearly identified using this method, for polarity differences from other interfered aromatic compounds. The development of this method and chromatogram recognition offer petroleum geologists a practical example for the application performance of GC×GC-TOFMS.