Review: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation （ANAMMOX） is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile, the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite （CANON） have been developed, and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will accelerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process.     

蔬菜中的亚硝酸钠致微生物突变的初步研究

采用Ames试验方法，对蔬菜中亚硝酸钠使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（TA98）的突变作初步研究。结果表显示亚硝酸钠剂量极低时，致突变效果不大，但剂量在较高时，致突变作用明显，从而提出蔬菜中的亚硝酸钠可引起人类癌症的可能性。     

食用明胶中亚硝酸根的处理及检测

研究了用氯化铵、尿素、氨基磺酸三种试剂处理明胶中的亚硝酸根,并对试剂的用量、反应温度、反应时间、生产成本进行了比较。结果表明,用氨基磺酸处理明胶中的亚硝酸根,用量少,在室温下就能发生反应,而且反应迅速,生产成本低,从而建立了一种处理亚硝酸盐的新方法,并用国标法对处理后的明胶中亚硝酸根的含量进行检测。     

分光光度法测定亚硝酸根的现状与进展

本文主要报导最近12年(1977—1988)中分光光度测定亚硝酸根的方法的现状与进展。文中综合了51篇文献中报导的37种方法,并用表列出每种方法的显色介质、最大吸收波长、适宜浓度范围及分析对象。     

花状MoS2-Au复合纳米材料的合成及其对亚硝酸根的电化学测定

借助聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)合成分散性良好的花状二硫化钼(MoS_2)结构,在MoS_2上原位(EDS)对该纳米复合材料进行了表征.研究发现:MoS2-Au修饰电极对亚硝酸盐(NO_2-)的电化学氧化具有良好的电催化活性.计时电流实验结果表明:外加电位为0.75 V时,亚硝酸根的氧化电流与亚硝酸根的物质的量浓度在3.92μmol·L~(-1)～9.260 mmol·L~(-1)线性范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为0.30μmol·L~(-1),信噪比为3.该法具有良好的选择性、稳定性和重现性.将其用于实际样品中微量亚硝酸根的测定,结果令人满意.     

亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对拟穴青蟹相关免疫指标的影响

【目的】探讨亚硝酸盐急性胁迫对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)机体免疫力的影响,为拟穴青蟹养殖模式调整与产业化升级提供基础资料。【方法】测定拟穴青蟹在不同浓度亚硝酸盐(0 mg/L、20 mg/L、60 mg/L、100mg/L、140mg/L)胁迫下其组织中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量在受胁迫48h内的动态变化。【结果】亚硝酸盐胁迫浓度达60mg/L以上时,青蟹肝胰腺及肌肉中AKP活力变化显著,肌肉中AKP活力随时间增加呈先升高后降低趋势,各组织中CAT活力变化也呈先升高后降低趋势,表现出一定的"毒兴奋效应",肝胰腺及鳃中MDA含量则随胁迫时间与胁迫浓度变化呈递增趋势。【结论】亚硝酸盐胁迫可通过破坏组织中非特异性免疫酶类体系运转,加剧组织中脂质过氧化方式导致机体免疫力下降。在拟穴青蟹人工养殖中,将亚硝酸盐浓度控制在20mg/L以下,有助于青蟹养殖模式调整与产业化升级。     

Nitrate and nitrite transport in bacteria

The topological arrangements of nitrate and nitrite reductases in bacteria necessitate the synthesis of transporter proteins that carry the nitrogen oxyanions across the cytoplasmic membrane. For assimilation of nitrate (and nitrite) there are two types of uptake system known: ABC transporters that are driven by ATP hydrolysis, and secondary transporters reliant on a proton motive force. Proteins homologous to the latter type of transporter are also involved in nitrate and nitrite transport in dissimilatory processes such as denitrification. These proteins belong to the NarK family, which is a branch of the Major Facilitator Superfamily. The mechanism and substrate specificity of transport via these proteins is unknown, but is discussed in the light of sequence analysis of members of the NarK family. A hypothesis for nitrate and nitrite transport is proposed based on the finding that there are two distinct types of NarK.     

Eukaryotic nitrate and nitrite transporters

Nitrate transport is the key step controlling the amount of nitrate incorporated by the cells and subsequent of storage, reduction or export. Molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches to the study of eukaryotic nitrate/nitrite transporters allow an initial understanding of this step, which is much more complex and structured than previously suspected. At the plasma membrane level, two gene families, Nrt1 and Nrt2, account for high- and low-affinity nitrate transporters. Functionality of NRT1 from Arabidopsis and NRT2 proteins from Aspergillus and Chlamydomonas has been demonstrated. However, redundancy of these systems makes it difficult to assign particular physiological roles to each. Data on genes involved in the regulation of nitrate transport and reduction are still scarce. Information on nitrite transporters to the chloroplast is biased by the belief that in vivo nitrous acid diffuses freely to this organellum. The recent progress on these aspects is discussed in this review.     

基于吖啶红荧光猝灭的痕量亚硝酸根传感器的研究

研究了以硅胶Silica gel 60为载体,吖啶红为荧光敏感物质的传感器对亚硝酸根离子(NO2-)的响应,建立了测定痕量NO2-的荧光猝灭新方法.发射和激发波长分别为414 nm和558 nm,线性范围为0.06～0.70 μg/mL,响应时间20 min,重现性和稳定性良好.用于环境水样中痕量亚硝酸根的测定,结果满意.