化学法处理硫酸铅制备铅酸电池正极材料

 硫酸盐化是导致铅酸电池失效的原因之一,因此通过硫酸铅脱硫煅烧制备具有电化学活性的氧化铅具有重要意义.本文提出了一种把硫酸铅通过与碳酸铵反应和煅烧来转化为铅酸电池正极材料的方法.首先,反应得到的碳酸铅经过过滤,在350℃下煅烧得到具有电化学活性的氧化铅.随后对此法制备的样品与工厂生产电池所用的球磨铅粉分别进行了X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜等分析,通过充放电性能测试得出制备的电极材料的容量高于工厂铅粉的结论,之后通过比较不同煅烧温度下的电性能来对制备样品的煅烧温度进行探讨并得出制备样品的最佳煅烧温度.在最佳条件下制备的氧化铅颗粒均匀,大小在200~300nm,作为铅酸电池正极材料,具有较高的放电比容量(放电倍率为0.5C时放电比容量为120mA·h/g),最后对充放电之后的样品进行了X射线粉末衍射分析.     

CO2对非负载型镍催化剂甲烷裂解性能的影响研究

采用沉淀法分别以乙醇洗涤和以乙醇洗涤后再以水洗涤氢氧化镍,焙烧制备了不同形貌非负载型镍催化剂,对催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)表征,分析了催化剂暴露的晶面,考察了CO₂对该催化剂CH₄裂解性能的影响。结果表明：反应气氛中引入~8% (vol)的CO₂可显著提高Ni-et的甲烷裂解性能,同时也可小幅提高Ni-etwt的甲烷裂解性能,适量CO₂的存在可阻止活性较低的非负载型镍的活性位在反应过程中被产物碳包裹,从而有效提高其活性;活性较高的Ni-etwt催化剂不易因被产物碳包裹而失活,使CO₂对其裂解活性影响较小;当CO₂含量较高(~50%)时,CO₂的存在会使更多反应掉的CH₄不能全部转化为碳纳米材料和氢气,降低甲烷裂解的选择性,因此,过高含量的CO₂不利于催化剂催化甲烷裂解制氢和碳纳米材料。     

磷石膏脱色增白工艺条件的研究

文章采用煅烧与酸浸相结合的方法开展磷石膏脱色增白工艺条件的研究。以磷石膏白度为主要考察指标,通过单因素条件实验和正交实验,分别考察了煅烧温度、煅烧时间、酸浸时间、酸浸温度、硫酸质量分数和液固比等因素的变化对磷石膏白度的影响,所确定的较佳脱色增白工艺条件为:煅烧温度600℃、煅烧时间70min、酸浸时间3.5h、酸浸温度90℃、硫酸质量分数35%、液固比4∶1。此条件下的重复实验结果表明,磷石膏的白度可由33.0%提高到89.8%。     

十二水硫酸铝铵的制备与表征

介绍了冷却结晶法制备NH4Al（SO4）2912H2O,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重-差热等手段对结晶物进行表征,并通过铁灵分光光度法、重量法和水杨酸分光光度法分别测定Al3＋、SO42-和NH4＋含量确定结晶物中NH4Al（SO4）2·12H2O的含量.     

复杂镍盐的热分解制备纤维状镍粉研究

纤维状镍粉可通过纤维状草酸氨镍晶体热解制得,本文研究了不同条件下热分解纤维状镍盐制备出的纤维状镍粉形貌和性质,XRD、TG、显微镜照片、比表面积测定等结果表明：选取纤维状好的复杂镍盐,在400～440℃温度之间,较弱还原气氛下热解30min制得的金属镍粉具有良好的纤维状和分散性。     

弯曲荷载下腐蚀介质SO42-、Cl-在混凝土中的分布规律

分析了混凝土试件在弯曲荷载作用下各部位的应力大小和受力状态,并研究了腐蚀介质SO42-、Cl-在混凝土试件中的分布规律.结果表明:在扩散距离相同的混凝土层中,纯弯区部位的SO42-、Cl-含量大于弯剪区;拉应力层中的离子含量大于压应力层;弯曲荷载下混凝土试件受应力破坏最严重的部位为纯弯区拉应力层,该层中SO42-、Cl-含量最大;荷载作用下,不仅渗透进入混凝土中的SO42-、Cl-的量增加,离子的分布规律也发生改变,离子含量由对称分布改变为从压应力表层至拉应力表层呈"√"型分布,至压应力第3层或第4层(中性层)下降至最低,在拉应力表层离子含量最大.     

Waspaloy合金碳化物和γ′相析出规律的热力学计算

利用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc对Waspaloy合金中可能析出的平衡相以及元素含量变化对其影响进行了计算分析. 结果表明:碳含量的增加可以明显地提高碳化物的析出量,但对碳化物的析出温度的影响较小;γ′的析出量和析出温度均随Al、Ti含量的增加而增加,Al的影响尤为明显;Ti是MC的主要形成元素,Ti含量的增加可以提高MC的析出量,但对其析出温度无太大影响;M23C6的析出量不受Cr含量的影响,而析出温度却随着Cr含量的增加而提高.     

Effects of dietary nickel on detoxification enzyme activities in the midgut of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera litura</Emphasis> Fabricius larvae

Nickel accumulated in midugt of Spodoptera litura Fabricius could induce the expression of metallothionein, one of the most important detoxification proteins in organisms. In the present study, the effects of dietary nickel on the activities of detoxification enzymes, such as carboxylesterase （CarE） and giutathione S-transferase （GST） in the midgut of S. litura larvae have been studied to get an understanding of the detoxification mechanisms of S. litura larvae to excessive nickel. Results showed that CarE activities in the midgut of the 5th instar larvae decreased at lower levels of nickel （≤5 mg/kg）, while increased with increasing nickel doses at higher levels of nickel （≥10 mg/kg） exposure in successive 3 generations. CarE activities of the 6th instar larvae were also characterized as inhibited at low levels of nickel exposure, and improved at higher levels in the 1st generation. CarE activities of 6th instar larvae in the 2nd and 3rd generations were all lower than that in control. However, GST activities in the midgut of the 5th and 6th instar larvae all increased with increasing nickel doses （1 --20 mg/kg） in diets.     

Study on the electronic structure of nickel hydroxide by quantum chemical DV-Xα calculation

The electronic structures of atom clusters NiTO12H12^2＋ and NiTO12H9^- of β-Ni（OH）2 were calculated by quantum chemical DV-Xα method. By analyzing the state densities, orbital populations, net charges and electric charge density differences of the selected clusters, it was indicated that β-Ni（OH）2was not typical ionic crystal, and the bonds between Ni and O atoms had obvious covalent characteristics. The bonds between H atom and other atoms in the crystal structure were weaker, which ensured that H atoms can easily deintercalate and intercalate into β-Ni（OH）2. The structure of β-Ni（OH）2 was not changed by moderate de-intercalation of H atoms. However, with the excessive de-intercalation of H atoms, the structure of β-Ni（OH）2 changed and the electrochemical active properties were reduced.     

CTAB与SDS对膨润土改性的界面性质研究

选择以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对膨润土进行改性,并对改性后的膨润土进行XRD、IR、TG以及体系电动电位、粒径分布的测定与表征.实验结果表明CTAB、SDS与膨润土的作用方式不同,CTAB带正电荷的亲油基与膨润土层间可交换阳离子发生离子交换作用,可进入膨润土的层间域;SDS没有插进膨润土的层间域中,但对膨润土颗粒的表面电荷产生屏蔽效应,使SDS改性膨润土的负电性下降.