定-转子反应器在水脱氧工艺中的应用研究

在定-转子反应器中采用N₂-水脱氧、CO₂-水脱氧两个体系脱除水中的溶氧，考察了转子转速、液体体积流量以及气体体积流量对脱氧率和传质系数的影响，并对比了两个水脱氧体系的脱氧效果。实验结果表明：脱氧率随转子转速和气体体积流量的增加而升高，随液体体积流量的增加而降低；传质系数随着转子转速、液体体积流量、气体体积流量的增加而增加；此外，N₂-水脱氧体系的脱氧效果要优于CO₂-水脱氧体系。     

Membrane sorption property effects on transmembrane permeation

A theoretical study was carried out into membrane transport phenomena.Formulae for calculating the membrane transport resistance and transmembrane mass flux were given,variations in membrane resistance and moisture flux with the membrane sorption constant(C)under various humidity conditions were analyzed,and the value of C corresponding to the minimum membrane resistance or the maximum moisture flux was obtained.The results show that the membrane resistance and moisture flux relate not only to C but also to the relative humidities on both sides of the membrane.As C increases,membrane resistance initially decreases but then increases,i.e.,a minimum occurs,while the moisture flux first decreases and then increases,i.e.,a maximum occurs.The membrane resistance and moisture flux reach their extrema at the same value of C,which is determined by the relative humidities on both sides of the membrane.To reduce the membrane resistance,the value of C should be chosen based on the humidity conditions.     

气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法同时测定水产品中19种多氯联苯

建立同时测定水产品中19种多氯联苯的气相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱法。样品采用丙酮和石油醚混合溶液为提取溶剂,利用分散高速匀质法提取19种多氯联苯,提取液用浓硫酸和层析柱进行双重净化,正己烷洗脱,经气相毛细管柱(HP-5MS)分离,以1.5mL/min流速的氦气作为载气,电子轰击离子源电离,用TOF/MS全扫描模式采集数据,以保留时间和离子精确质量数定性,外标法定量,建立了水产品中19种多氯联苯同时测定的方法。结果显示19种多氯联苯在5.0~500.0μg/L线性良好,相关系数大于0.9986,方法检出限(LOD,S/N=3)介于0.12~1.07μg/kg,方法定量限(LOQ,S/N=10)介于0.40 ~3.57μg/kg。在5.0,10.0,20.0μg/kg 3种加标水平下,19种多氯联苯的平均回收率介于79.6%~103.4%,日内相对标准偏差介于2.2%~9.6%；在20.0,100.0,200.0μg/kg 3种加标水平下,19种多氯联苯的平均回收率介于77.4%~104.6%,日间相对标准偏差介于2.7%~9.8%。结果表明,建立的检测方法准确、灵敏、可靠,可用于水产品中19种多氯联苯的监督检测。     

一种裂隙岩体力学参数的评价方法及应用

针对裂隙岩体的力学参数选取问题，提出了一种两阶段评价方法.通过裂隙岩体力学参数的三维空间分布情况，评价其各向同性与各向异性状态，对两类情况采用不同的计算模型处理；采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验法对力学参数的概率分布模型进行假设检验，对检验合格的试验数据分布进行置信区间选取，在给定的置信区间内获取计算参数.在某地下硐室工程中运用该方法进行了开挖模拟计算，计算位移与实测位移吻合较好.     

不同农业生物质废弃物的热解特性及动力学对比

为了充分利用农业生物质废弃物进行热解气化,以玉米芯、花生壳、稻壳和稻秸为研究对象,以高纯氮气为载气,通过热重分析和质谱分析联用技术,考察了其热解过程的失重机制、热流变化规律、小分子可燃气体(CO,H_2和CH_4)的释放规律及综合热解特性.结果表明,生物质的热解失重主要发生在220~410℃,玉米芯在该区间的失重最高,占总失重的80%~90%;挥发分综合释放指数D:玉米芯稻秸稻壳花生壳,活化能:稻壳玉米芯稻秸花生壳,固体剩余物:稻壳花生壳稻秸玉米芯,总体上看,玉米芯和稻秸的热稳定性较差,而稻壳和花生壳的热稳定性较好;通过Coats-Redfern法计算得到了相应的活化能和频率因子,计算结果与热重试验基本一致.     

体质量对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)生化组成和质量能的影响

分别测定了在实验室条件下养殖的23只稚鳖(终末体质量为15.7～46.4 g)和38只幼鳖(终末体质量为57.5～283.7 g)鳖体的生化组成和质量能.结果表明:随着稚鳖、幼鳖体质量的增加,稚鳖和幼鳖鳖体的蛋白质、脂肪的质量分数和质量能均升高,而水分则随之降低(P＜0.01).稚鳖鳖体的灰分质量分数与体质量相关关系不明显(P＞0.05),而幼鳖的灰分质量分数随体质量增加而降低(P＜0.05).实验证实,以体质量为自变量来预测中华鳖稚鳖和幼鳖的蛋白质、脂肪的质量分数和质量能的方法是简单、可行的.     

痕量PBBs/PBDEsGC/MS分析法中PCB及其衍生物干扰消除方法

电子电气产品中痕量阻燃剂聚溴联苯/聚溴联苯醚(PBBs/PBDEs)的检测通常采用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用法,但该法是建立在持久性污染物多氯化苯/多氯化萘(PCBs/PCNs)基础上,因此此类物质干扰不可避免。为了解决此类问题,提出了2种解决方法:1)阴离子化学电离-气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS-NICI)和电子轰击-气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC/MS-EI)联合使用;2)以YMC ODS-C18为载体,基质固相分散法(MSPD)吸附分离。结果显示,前者可以同时洞察聚溴联苯和联苯醚的分子链断裂后阴离子碎片[Br]-,[HBr2]-和分子链段碎片[M+2]+,[M+4]+,[M+6]+,[M+8]+的滞留峰,增加了对溴系阻燃剂的选择性。后者可以有效分离多种多氯化苯与聚溴联苯醚的色谱峰,这为溴系阻燃剂气相色谱/质谱联用分析法中多氯化苯及其衍生物干扰提供了新的解决方法。采用此方法对8类电子电气产品中10种聚溴联苯醚和多氯化苯进行加标回收实验及精密度分析,回收率在60%～98%,相对误差在9.5%以内,符合国际电工委员会(IEC)对溴系阻燃剂检测精度要求,说明方法具有较高的可靠性,也为我国电子电气业更好遵守...     

同位素内标法对水产品中硝基呋喃代谢物液相色谱-串联质谱法测定

建立了水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的同位素内标定量液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。样品经稀盐酸水解,邻硝基苯甲醛衍生,乙酸乙酯提取净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法通过正离子扫描多反应监测模式检测,稳定同位素内标定量。本方法的线性范围为1.25～10μg/kg,4种硝基呋喃代谢物的线性相关系数均在0.993 2以上,4种化合物...     

Potential release of hydrogen fluoride from domestic coal in endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou,China

Almost half of the total rural area of Guizhou Province and many regions within the 11 adjacent provinces in southwestern China have a long history(at least 70 years) of endemic fluorosis,including dental fluorosis and osteofluorosis along with its associated deformities and disabilities.Over decades of research,this specific type of endemic fluorosis has been defined as coal-burning fluorosis,which is distinct from drinking-water fluorosis.It is generally acknowledged that indoor burning and combustion of high-fluorine coal leads to food contamination,and fluorine then enters the human body.However,the exact chemical form of fluorine during its release and transfer to the body is still unknown.In the present study,21 domestic coal samples from outcrop and semi-outcrop coal collected in five villages with fluorosis were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS).The total mass fraction of sulfur in the samples ranged from 0.24%-5.58% and total fluorine content ranged 90.2-149.2 mg/kg.H3O+,H2SO4+ and HSO4-were detected in the samples by TOF-SIMS,which indicated that sulfuric acid hydrate(H2SO4.H2O) was present in the samples.F-was detected in all of these,which suggested the samples contain ionic fluorine compounds.Under certain circumstances,such as heating or burning,the prevalence and coexistence of the acid(H2SO4.H2O) and base(F-) would lead to a neutralization reaction producing volatile hydrogen fluoride(HF,bp = 19.5℃).This would be the chemical form of fluorine released from the coal.Further studies using HF and SO2 test tubes on headspace gas over coal samples heated to 200℃ in the laboratory and on headspace gas over stoves or chimney tops at rural residences confirmed the release of HF.     

Changes in physical features of Glacier No. 1 of the Tianshan Mountains in response to climate change

This study analyzes the changes in glacier zones and snow composition of Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains of China since 1961,and their possible relations with climate.It is found that precipitation dominated the snow composition and that air temperature and precipitation controlled the distribution of glacier zones,but interannual change in precipitation had a relatively large effect on glacier zones and snow composition during 1963–1981 (P10) and 1963–1989 (P11).However,during 1982–2007 (P20) and 19...