Bicuculline and picrotoxin block γ-aminobutryic acid-gated Cl− conductance by different mechanisms

Summary Using isolated, internally perfused bullfrog dorsal root ganglion cells we have studied the dose-response curves for -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of internally or externally applied GABA antagonists. With external application of antagonists the inhibition of the GABA current by bicuculline was competitive and that by picrotoxin was noncompetitive. Picrotoxin but not bicuculline blocked when internally perfused.To whom reprint requests should be addressed.Acknowledgments. We thank Drs S. Minakami and S. Yasui for helpful discussions and comments.     

Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

A major metabolite of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces its cataleptic effect in mice

Summary The results described here demonstrate that THC-induced catalepsy in mice can be substantially inhibited by the prior administration of ¹-THC-7-oic acid, the major metabolite of THC in most species including humans. This raises the possibility that the intensity and duration of action of THC may depend to a large degree on the levels of this metabolite at the sites of action.We thank the National Institute on Drug Abuse for supporting this project by grants DA-02043 and DA-02052 and for supplying all of the cannabinoids. One of us (S.B.) is also the recipient of a Research Scientist Award from NIDA. We are grateful to Kristen Carlson and Thomas Honeyman for helpful suggestions in preparing this report.     

凹坑板式空气预热器的传热特性及多目标优化

以全焊接型凹坑板式空气预热器为对象,基于最优设计试验方案,运用Workbench Fluent软件数值模拟凹坑板片特征结构参数对传热流阻性能的影响。基于参数敏感度分析,得到单因素作用下对传热流阻性能的影响程度为凹坑的纵向间距>长轴>横向间距>深度。基于响应曲面法分析,得到多因素协同作用时,凹坑之间的结构参数横纵距对性能影响比凹坑自身的结构参数深径比大。基于遗传算法以摩擦因子f最小、努塞尔数Nu与综合换热因子J_F最大为优化目标,得到给定范围内的3组较优结构组合。     

高速磁浮车-轨耦合系统动态机理与振动响应

对高速磁浮车-轨耦合系统进行动态机理和振动响应研究。首先,对高速磁浮中的各类耦合关系进行建模;其次,分别分析了动态和静态条件下的车-轨耦合作用机理;然后,建立了高速磁浮车-轨耦合动力学有限元模型;最后,对磁浮列车高速通过桥梁时轨道梁、功能件的动力响应和车-轨共振速度进行分析。结果表明：高速运行时车-轨作用频率不同,长时间共振速度下运行时车-轨振动明显增大;若桥梁动力放大系数小于1.2,则基频比最小值为1.16;若桥梁动力放大系数小于1.3,则基频比最小值为1.04。     

软土地基上桩-土-高层结构体系动力特性的振动台试验

为了研究软土地基上桩?土相互作用对高层结构动力特性的影响机理,设计了1：6比例的高层结构?桩?土动力相互作用体系,进行了软土地基上框架结构的模型振动台试验。试验采用层状剪切盒模拟土体的边界,锯末和砂土的混合物作为地基土、以12层钢筋混凝土框架结构模拟上部结构,基础采用3×3群桩基础。通过对比考虑土?结构相互作用（SSI）框架模型和刚性地基框架模型的结构动力特性,总结出本试验中SSI效应对高层框架结构的动力特性影响规律：土体对地震动存在显著的过滤作用,放大土体基频附近的振动,且放大幅度随地震动的加强而减小;小震时土体对加速度峰值起放大作用,而在大震时起减小峰值的作用;考虑SSI效应后,结构的频率降低,阻尼比提高,结构的损伤出现得更晚,发展也更慢。在土体频率处,SSI体系的振型受土体影响显著;在远离土体频率处,SSI体系振型与刚性地基一致。     

面向时间敏感网络的安全感知调度方法

时间敏感网络（TSN）中信息的真实性是系统的关键安全要素,然而直接引入传统安全认证机制会导致系统可调度性和实时性大幅降低。现有的方法仍存在适用场景少、资源消耗高等问题。针对这些问题,文中提出了一种面向TSN的安全感知调度方法。首先基于TSN流量特性设计了一种时间有效的一次性签名安全机制,为消息提供高效的组播源认证;然后提出相应的安全模型对该机制进行评估,描述安全机制对任务和流量的影响;最后对提出的安全感知调度方法进行数学建模,在传统调度约束的基础上,增加了安全机制相关的约束,同时以最小化应用端到端时延为优化目标,使用约束规划进行求解。仿真实验结果表明：改进的一次性签名机制的引入可以有效保护TSN中关键信息的真实性,且对调度的影响有限;在多个基于真实工业场景生成的不同规模测试用例中,产生的应用端到端时延平均仅增加13.3%,带宽消耗平均仅增加5.8%;与其他同类型方法相比,文中方法的带宽消耗更低,更加适用于有严格带宽限制的TSN。     

动态无线充电系统功率波动抑制技术研究

设计了一种新型的双通道动态无线充电系统耦合机构,以解决动态无线充电系统在分段式发射导轨切换处的功率跌落问题。通过LCC-LCC型补偿拓扑,设计了两路能量传输通道,利用LCC-LCC补偿拓扑的恒流特性,推导了系统输出以及损耗与两通道耦合参数之间的关系,实现了较为稳定的功率传输,提升了系统的抗偏移特性以及抗跌落能力。最后对所提方法进行了仿真和实验,验证了双通道动态无线电能传输方案的可行性。     

循环荷载作用下NaCl溶液对黏土动力特性影响及微观机理分析

针对黏土易与水结合,孔隙溶液环境变化对黏土动力特性有较大影响的问题,使用GDS真/动三轴仪对黏土试样进行模拟交通循环荷载下的分级加载试验,研究不同浓度NaCl孔隙溶液、振动频率对土体应力-应变关系和动弹性模量的影响,分析骨干曲线及弹性模量的发展规律,并结合电镜扫描,分析NaCl溶液浓度和振动频率改变前后试样的孔隙分布规律,得到微观孔径与动力特性的关系。结果表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度和振动频率的升高,应力-应变曲线和动弹性模量曲线呈上移趋势;阻尼比-动应变曲线随振动频率的增加而上升,随NaCl溶液浓度的增加而下降;NaCl溶液浓度升高,水化反应产生的胶体增多,微填充作用可有效减少小孔隙,振动频率增加则使得片状颗粒间距被压缩,层状结构减少,土体更加密实,有效减少大孔隙。研究得出的含NaCl溶液黏土受孔隙溶液浓度与振动频率变化的影响规律,可为研究其他环境下黏土的强度变化提供参考。