An investigation of predator‐induced defence responses in ciliated protozoa

Predator‐induced defence responses have been reported in 15 species of ciliates representing three subclasses: Hypotrichia, Stichotrichia and Hymenostomia. However, the discovery of this phenomenon in such distantly related groups suggests that it could be more widespread within the Ciliophora. In laboratory experiments, we tested 23 potential prey species with a range of potential predators including other ciliates (12 spp.), amoebae (two spp.), rotifers (two spp.), a turbellarian worm (Stenostomum sphagnetorum), and an oligochaete worm (Chaetogaster sp.). In each experiment, one predator species was incubated for 24?h with one potential prey species and the latter was examined for evidence of a defence response. One new example of predator‐induced morphological change was recorded (Euplotes viridis) and detailed observations were made for one poorly known example (E. eurystomus). Both species significantly increased their width (by about 35% and 23%, respectively) in the presence of the turbellarian worm S. sphagnetorum. An induced life cycle change was recorded for the first time among hypotrichs with E. muscorum exhibiting significantly increased rates of encystation in the presence of the ciliate predators Dileptus anser and Spathidium sp. Finally, Euplotes patella, Euplotes sp. and Stylonychia pustulata, which are usually regarded as omnivorous rather than predatory ciliates, all induced morphological change in Colpidium kleini, the C. kleini cells becoming significantly shorter and wider. No examples of induced defence response were found among groups other than hypotrichs and hymenostomes.     

我国(竹卋)蛛属两种新记录(蜘蛛目——猫蛛科)

本文记述采自我国四川、云南两省的(竹卋)蛛属的两种猫蛛,在国内属初次发现。     

崖柏球花和球果形态特征的补充描述

崖柏(Thuja sutchuenensis Franch.)是我国特有植物,为濒危物种,在1998年世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中曾被确认为野外绝灭.已有文献中缺少对崖柏雌球花形态的描述,对雄球花小孢子叶数目和形态、每小孢子叶具小孢子囊数、球果种鳞数、可育种鳞位置、种子特征的描述也不够全面.本文根据野外居群的观察和标本研究对上述形态特征进行了补充描述,同时,对不同发育阶段雄球花形态和种子败育特征进行了观察.     

不同pH值下胞外聚合物对污泥脱水性能及束缚水含量的影响

研究了不同pH值下污泥脱水性能和束缚水含量的变化,通过测定污泥调理过程中各层胞外聚合物( S-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS)中蛋白质和多糖的含量、S-EPS中有机官能团以及有机酸的含量,探讨了胞外聚合物对污泥脱水性能及束缚水含量的影响.酸性条件下,污泥的脱水性能明显好于中性条件,并且pH值为3.03时,污泥滤饼含水率( WC)和毛细吸水时间( CST)均降至最低,分别为60.8%和25.4 s;碱性条件下,污泥中束缚水的含量明显增加,WC和CST均大幅升高,污泥脱水性能恶化.酸碱的加入导致污泥中TB-EPS含量降低,LB-EPS和S-EPS含量升高,并且EPS各层组均与WC、CST以及束缚水含量具有很强的相关性,其中S-EPS与污泥脱水性能以及束缚水含量的相关性最显著.酸碱调理过程中,部分EPS水解生成有机酸等小分子有机物,S-EPS中有机官能团的总量和种类都有明显增多.     

基于形态学和提升小波的心电信号去噪方法研究

心电信号是一种典型的微弱信号,含有大量噪声,还具有强烈的非线性和非平稳性.针对传统小波计算量大,很难同时将心电信号中高频和低频噪声去除的问题,提出一种结合形态学与提升小波阈值去噪的算法,通过形态学滤波器去除信号的低频噪声,提升小波阈值去噪法去除信号中的高频噪声.经过对MIT-BIH心律失常数据库中的心电信号进行仿真,结果表明,结合形态学算法与提升小波去噪算法的去噪方法,能同时有效去除信号中的低频和高频噪声,提高了心电信号的质量.     

多尺度形态梯度和标记分水岭的时频谱图分割

时频谱图干扰强,目标之间、目标与干扰之间有重叠,其分割是重要而困难的问题.提出一种基于图像熵定义的时频谱图多尺度形态梯度图像融合方法,将该方法与标记分水岭分割结合形成一种基于多尺度形态梯度和标记分水岭的时频谱图分割方法.实验结果表明,与基于单尺度形态梯度和标记分水岭的分割方法相比,新方法实用性更强;与Otsu法相比,新方法分割更准确.     

表调工艺参数对电镀锌板磷化膜微观形貌的影响

采用粉体钛盐作表调剂,对电镀锌板进行表面调整处理,研究表面调整工艺参数对电镀锌板磷化膜微观形貌的影响。结果表明,表调时间为3min、表调液浓度为3.5~6.0g/L、表调液温度低于30℃、表调液pH值为8.59~9.89并尽量缩短表调液存放时间,可使磷化膜晶粒尺寸控制在2~3μm,磷化膜在NaOH溶液中保持5min的失重小于0.4g/m2,所获电镀锌板磷化膜层均匀致密,耐碱蚀性强。     

基于MSPA的南京市绿色基础设施网络构建

【目的】针对城市建设空间快速扩张、绿色空间破碎化且逐渐丧失问题,探寻优化城市绿色基础设施体系的有效方法,为市域尺度绿色基础设施体系构建提供科学的依据。【方法】以南京市为研究对象,运用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)法,以土地利用类型图为基础,识别南京市现有绿色空间中核心区、边缘、孤岛、桥接、环、穿孔、分支等7类重要景观类别。通过斑块面积计算和连通性指数评价,发掘具有生态潜力的绿色基础设施网络中心,并计算最小成本路径生成潜力廊道,结合现有核心区、潜力节点、现有廊道、潜在廊道构建未来南京市绿色基础设施网络体系。【结果】通过MSPA法,识别出南京市绿色基础设施核心面积为538.16 km²,占研究区域总面积的37.57%,其中综合筛选出一级网络中心16个,二级网络中心24个。基于阻力模型构建生态廊道73条,其在长江以南地区分布较密,重要性等级较高,长江以北区域生态廊道数量较少,重要性等级有待提升。【结论】MSPA法具有数据量少、便于可视化等特点,能够为市域尺度绿色基础设施构建提供生态特征较为精确的景观要素识别结果,有效增强绿色基础设施的系统性和结构性。根据南京市绿色基础设施网络构建结果,建议加强南京市域长江以北网络中心和廊道的建设,提高长江以南网络中心和廊道质量,从而提升全市域的生态功能。     

不同供氮水平的核桃幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性

【目的】探讨核桃对缺氮胁迫的适应性及其机制。【方法】以核桃幼苗为研究对象,设置不同程度的缺氮处理:对照(CK)、中度缺氮(MN)和重度缺氮(SN),分析缺氮胁迫对核桃幼苗外部形态特征、生长情况及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】缺氮会使核桃幼苗失绿黄化,长势下降,地上部分和地下部分生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均显著低于对照,且总体随着缺氮程度加深和时间延长显著下降,尤其是处理后期(60~75 d)表现更明显;MN和SN处理下,核桃幼苗的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光条件下PSⅡ天线转化效率(F_v'/F_m' )在前期(0~30 d)和后期(60~75 d)受影响较大,实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)随胁迫程度加深明显下降,反之非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随胁迫程度加深而上升,且同样在处理后期(60~75 d)受影响较大;地上部分生物量与地下部分生物量、叶面积、根表面积、叶绿素a含量、F_v/F_m和ETR呈显著正相关,叶绿素a含量与叶面积、叶片厚度、F_v/F_m 和F_v'/F_m' 显著正相关。【结论】缺氮会抑制核桃幼苗对氮素的吸收和同化,阻碍根系生长,影响核桃幼苗对营养物质的吸收利用,导致植株矮小瘦弱、叶片变小、叶色变淡。在缺氮胁迫下,核桃光合色素含量下降也会造成叶绿体吸收光照的能力减弱,降低光合电子传递速率及对光能的利用效率,进而限制光合速率,影响植株生长。     

Genetic diversity in the Carabodes marginatus species group (Acarida,Oribatida, Carabodidae) as inferred from allozymes

Ten populations representing four species of the ‘Carabodes marginatus’ group, as C. marginatus, C. affinis, C. quadrangulus and C. montanus from central Italy have been studied for genetic variation at 16 enzymatic loci by electrophoresis. Morphotypes close to C. marginatus but easily distinguishable by the shorter marginal notogastral setae were also included in the analysis to evaluate their systematic status. Carabodes arduinii, a very different species from the ‘coriaceus’ group, was employed as an out-group. Phylogenetic relationships among different species were studied and inferred data demonstrated that cladogenetic events occurred, even though rates of molecular and morphological evolution do not correlate. Morphotypes related to C. marginatus were genetically very close to the type specimens, but a different pattern of allele frequency was observed in sympatric populations of the two setal forms. Possible explanations for this finding are suggested in relation to historical processes. The rate of gene flow among populations of the two morphs was estimated by both Wright's F _st and Slatkin's Nm methods. These two different procedures yielded contradictory results.