I ain’t afraid of no ghost

This paper criticizes the traditional philosophical account of the quantization of gauge theories and offers an alternative. On the received view, gauge theories resist quantization because they feature distinct mathematical representatives of the same physical state of affairs. This resistance is overcome by a sequence of ad hoc modifications, justified in part by reference to semiclassical electrodynamics. Among other things, these modifications introduce ”ghosts”: particles with unphysical properties which do not appear in asymptotic states and which are said to be purely a notational convenience. I argue that this sequence of modifications is unjustified and inadequate, making it a poor basis for the interpretation of ghosts. I then argue that gauge theories can be quantized by the same method as any other theory. On this account, ghosts are not purely notation: they are coordinates on the classical configuration space of the theory—specifically, on its gauge structure. This interpretation does not fall prey to the standard philosophical arguments against the significance of ghosts, due to Weingard. Weingard’s argumentative strategy, properly applied, in fact tells in favor of ghosts’ physical significance.     

论高校历史教学中学生自主学习能力的培养

从历史教学的课堂教学、课外阅读、田野考察等几个方面培养学生自主学习能力，将对行为的理解与对社会结构的动态把握恰当地结合起来，以实现对学生独立研究能力的培养。     

上海软土地区钢管桩受力特性现场试验研究

结合上海地区某工程项目开展2组钢管桩试桩现场试验.根据静载试验实测数据,分析Q-s曲线和桩身轴力分布曲线以研究承载变形特性.研究成果对该地区及类似地质条件下超长大直径桩的设计提供有益的参考.     

降温过程对Au24Cu19合金团簇结构变化影响

采用基于嵌入原子法的正则系综NVT分子动力学方法在原子尺度上计算了包含24个金原子和19个铜原子的Au24Cu19双金属团簇在急冷和连续降温过程中的结构演化.根据原子平均势能、主要原子键对数目以及原子堆积结构随温度的变化表明，随着温度的降低，团簇表现为铜原子在内，金原子和少量铜原子包覆在外的构型.在温度被降低到较高温度区间时，急冷降温过程中，键对数目呈高-低振荡变化；连续冷却过程中，键对数目则呈低-高振荡变化.在温度较低的区间，直至400K，这两个冷却条件下的键对数目表现为同步变化.     

基态BF、BCl分子的结构与谐振频率的计算

应用密度泛函理论B3LYP和B3P86等多种计算方法,采用6-311g(d,f)、6-311++g(d,p)、6-311++g(3df,3pd)和aug-cc-pvdz多种基组分别对BF、BCl分子结构进行几何优化,选用最优基组对BF和BCl分子的几何结构、光谱特性进行进一步计算.计算结果表明,BF和BCl分子平衡核间距分别为0.126 26 nm和0.171 54nm,谐振频率分别为1 410.44 cm-1和838.06 cm-1,BF、BCl分子的平衡间距与实验数据符合得很好.     

语域三变量的教学模式在大学英语精读教学中的运用

将韩礼德的语域理论应用于大学英语精读教学的三变量分析法教学模式,可以弥补外语教学中过分关注语言形式的正确性而忽略交际语言的得体性这一缺陷,帮助培养学生运用得体语言进行交际的能力,即根据场合正确选择语域的能力.     

学生田径训练中膝关节损伤的原因及预防

本文通过对参加田径专业训练的中学生的调查访问,探讨在中学生田径专业运动训练中膝关节损失的主要原因及其预防。     

Localization and the interface between quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity II: The search of the interface between QFT and QG

The main topics of this second part of a two-part essay are some consequences of the phenomenon of vacuum polarization as the most important physical manifestation of modular localization. Besides philosophically unexpected consequences, it has led to a new constructive “outside-inwards approach” in which the pointlike fields and the compactly localized operator algebras which they generate only appear from intersecting much simpler algebras localized in noncompact wedge regions whose generators have extremely mild almost free field behavior.Another consequence of vacuum polarization presented in this essay is the localization entropy near a causal horizon which follows a logarithmically modified area law in which a dimensionless area (the area divided by the square of dR where dR is the thickness of a light-sheet) appears. There are arguments that this logarithmically modified area law corresponds to the volume law of the standard heat bath thermal behavior. We also explain the symmetry enhancing effect of holographic projections onto the causal horizon of a region and show that the resulting infinite dimensional symmetry groups contain the Bondi–Metzner–Sachs group. This essay is the second part of a partitioned longer paper.     

HD分子X1Σ+g, B1Σ+u和C1Πu态的势能函数

使用SAC/SAC-CI方法，利用D95++**、6-311++g**以及cc-PVTZ等基组，对HD分子的基态(X1Σ+g)、第二激发态(B1Σ+u)和第三激发态(C1Πu)的平衡结构和谐振频率进行了优化计算．通过对3个基组的计算结果的比较，得出了cc-PVTZ基组为三个基组中的最优基组的结论；使用cc-PVTZ基组，利用SAC的GSUM(Group Sum of Operators)方法对基态(X1Σ+g)、SAC-CI的GSUM方法对激发态(B1Σ+u)和(C1Πu)进行单点能扫描计算，用正规方程组拟合Murrell-Sorbie函数，得到了相应电子态的完整势能函数；从得到的势能函数计算了与基态(X1Σ+g)、第二激发态(B1Σ+u)和第三激发态(C1Πu)相对应的光谱常数(Be, αe, ωe 和ωeχe)，结果与实验数据基本吻合．     

新课标下田径教学的问题及采取的对策

中学田径教学的不景气，主要是因为教学方法的陈1El，教学内容的单一以及教学评价的不合理所造成的。要想改变这种局面，我们就必须在诸多方面更新理念、有所变革。