GH864合金组织特征对裂纹扩展速率的影响

利用光学显微镜、场发射扫描电镜等手段,研究了GH864合金三种轧制态组织经热处理后的演变过程,分析了热处理后不同组织对室温冲击韧性及高温650℃裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,GH864合金由初始轧制态组织经标准热处理后（1020℃,4h/空冷→845℃,4h/空冷→760℃,16h/空冷）获得的晶粒组织,其晶粒组织演变具有明显的一致性,而合金的晶界碳化物分布及基体γ＇强化相没有明显差别,其分布状态及尺寸大小基本一致.热处理后的晶粒尺寸越大,抗裂纹扩展能力越好,合金的室温冲击韧性越低;热处理后形成的项链状组织,对合金冲击韧性及裂纹扩展速率有较好的影响.     

Formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate

To investigate the formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate (CaAl₁₂O₁₉, CA₆), the analytically pure alumina and calcia used as raw materials were mixed in CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio of 12.57:137.43 by mass. The raw materials were ball-milled and shaped into green specimens, and fired at 1300–1600°C. Then, the phase composition and microstructure evolution of the fired specimen were studied, and a first principle calculation was performed. The results show that in the reaction system of CaO and Al₂O₃, a small amount of CA₆ forms at 1300°C, and greater amounts are formed at 1400°C and higher temperatures. The reaction is as follows: CaO·2Al₂O₃ (CA₂) + 4Al₂O₃ → CA₆. The diffusions of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃ and Al3+ in Al₂O₃ towards CA₂ change the structures in different degrees of difficulty. Compared with the difficulty of structural change and the corresponding lattice energy change, it is deduced that the main formation mechanism is the diffusion of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃.     

等温温度对超细贝氏体钢组织演变规律的影响

通过热膨胀试验研究实验钢的等温转变动力学,采用盐浴等温淬火工艺制备超细贝氏体组织,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪定量分析工艺参数对微观组织结构的影响.结果显示:实验钢室温组织由大量超细板条状贝氏体铁素体和板条间分布的薄膜状奥氏体的复相组织构成,210℃等温淬火得到的贝氏体板条间距细化到约60 nm,硬度约为HBW610;实验钢的最终组织特征取决于发生贝氏体转变的等温温度和等温时间,等温温度越低时贝氏体转变完成需要的等温时间越长.     

电脉冲下矿物掺合料对砂浆硫酸盐侵蚀的影响

通过对掺与不掺矿物掺合料的水泥砂浆分别在电脉冲和浸泡条件下进行外观和强度比较,研究了电脉冲作用下矿物掺合料对水泥砂浆硫酸盐侵蚀的影响,并利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对试件内部进行了微观结构分析.试验结果表明:电脉冲加速了外部SO_4~(2-)向砂浆内部迁移,SO_4~(2-)与水泥水化产物反应生成大量钙矾石,使得试件短时间内出现明显的开裂、脱落以及强度损失;矿物掺合料改善了砂浆的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,掺量越高改善效果越明显,然而在电脉冲作用下掺矿物掺合料的砂浆仍受到明显的硫酸盐侵蚀.可见,电脉冲加速了硫酸盐侵蚀,这为快速评价水泥基材料的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能提供了新的思路.     

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain,temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100℃/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.     

低碳钢控制轧制的温度范围及组织变化

以碳(质量分数)0057%,锰(质量分数)091%的低碳钢为研究对象,在Gleeble1500热模拟实验机上利用喷水淬火法确定了应变诱导相变发生的上限温度Ad3·根据热变形过程中组织变化的主要过程将低碳钢的控制轧制分为3个阶段:Ad3以上、Ar3～Ad3之间以及Ar3以下·在3个温度范围内进行了不同参数的压缩实验,通过组织分析研究了变形过程中的组织变化·结果表明,在Ad3以上,变形过程中主要发生奥氏体的动态再结晶过程;Ar3～Ad3之间,变形过程中有应变诱导铁素体析出,且随着变形温度的降低、变形量的增加及变形速率的降低,铁素体量增加;在A...     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

机械合金化对ODS铁素体钢粉末的微观形貌和结构的影响

研究了不同转速和球磨时间对氧化物弥散强化合金粉末的微观形貌和结构的影响.XRD和SEM结果表明:当转速为380r·min-1时,既能提高球磨效率,又可避免粉末在球磨过程中发生团聚.机械合金化中晶粒尺寸和平均颗粒尺寸的减小导致XRD衍射峰的宽化.当球磨时间为30h时,粉末平均粒径随着球磨时间的增加而迅速减小至13·4μm,粉末多呈球形,粒度分布较窄.SEM-EDS结果表明,各合金元素在粉末内部分布均匀.     

自蔓延高温合成Al/Mg_2Si复合材料的淬熄试验

采用燃烧波前沿淬熄法研究Al/Mg2Si复合材料在自蔓延高温合成(SHS)过程中的显微组织演变规律.用扫描电子显微镜观察和分析淬熄试样中的显微组织,通过XRD分析合成产物的相组成.研究结果表明,反应直接生成了Mg2Si而没有中间产物,Mg-Si可以在较低的温度下发生固-固反应生成Mg2Si;在淬熄合成过程中Al始终没有参与反应.     

Microstructural evolution and castability prediction in newly designed modern third-generation nickel-based superalloys

The present research aims to establish a quantitative relation between microstructure and chemical composition (i.e., Ti, Al, and Nb) of newly designed nickel-based superalloys. This research attempts to identify an optimum microstructure at which the minimum quantities of γ/γ' and γ/γ″ compounds are achieved and the best castability is predicted. The results demonstrate that the highest quantity of intermetallic eutectics (i.e., 41.5wt%) is formed at 9.8wt% (Ti + Al). A significant quantity of intermetallics formed in superalloy 1 (with a composition of γ-9.8wt% (Ti + Al)), which can deteriorate its castability. The type and morphology of the eutectics changed and the amount considerably decreased with decreasing Ti + Al content in superalloy 2 (with a composition of γ-7.6wt% (Ti + Al), 1.5wt% Nb). Thus, it is predicted that the castability would improve for superalloy 2. The same trend was observed for superalloy 4 (with a composition of γ-3.7wt% (Ti + Al), 4.4wt% Nb). This means that the amount of Laves increases with increasing Nb (to 4.4wt%) and decreasing Ti + Al (to 3.7wt%) in superalloy 4. The best castability was predicted for superalloy 3 (with a composition of γ-5.7wt% (Ti + Al), 2.8wt% Nb).