16S rRNA基因技术在油藏微生物生态研究中的应用

分子生态学技术的发展大大促进了人们对环境中微生物群落的研究，也为研究油藏微生物群落和微生物采油技术提供了一个新的工具，尤其16S rRNA基因技术应用于油藏微生物生态研究．该技术克服了基于细胞水平研究方法的不足，能更准确、更客观地揭示油藏微生物的多样性、群落动态变化、种群结构及进化等方面的信息．文章简要综述了16S rRNA基因技术发展历程及在环境微生物生态学中的应用，详细概述了16S rRNA基因技术在油藏微生物生态研究中的地位和作用以及用于油藏微生物生态研究的16S rRNA基因技术，讨论了16S rRNA基因技术目前在油藏微生物生态研究中存在的问题，通过实例论证了该技术的现场应用效果，重点介绍了胜利油田利用T-RFLP、DGGE等分子生态学技术在河口采油厂罗801区块空气辅助微生物驱和单12区块内源微生物驱研究中的应用，阐明了分子生态学技术在微生物提高原油采收率研究中的重要的意义．     

旋翼挥舞作用下的直升机增稳系统稳定性估计

研究了在攻击直升机上旋翼挥舞效应对增稳系统性能和设计的影响。建立了含有挥舞方程的线性模型。通过常规的稳定性分析方法得出的结果表明 :准静态假设下所设计的高增益纵向增稳系统将出现不稳定响应 ,并且考察了控制律中不同参数对稳定性的影响 ,其结果均弱于增益的影响作用。因此在系统设计时 ,应采用含有挥舞方程的直升机运动模型。最后通过计算 ,得出了在挥舞作用的影响下的纵向增稳系统的稳定性条件估计     

微生物驱油数学模型

根据微生物生长动力学,建立了微生物生长、基质消耗和代谢产物生成方程。在考虑菌体、基质、产物扩散和吸附的基础上,用物质平衡方法建立了菌体、基质和产物的运移方程。以多孔介质的毛细管模型为基础,建立了由于微生物吸附引起的孔隙度和渗透率变化方程。考虑到微生物作用对流体性质的影响,建立了油、水粘度和油、气、水管力方程。根据黑油模型建立了三维、三相、多组分基质与产物的微生物驱油数学模型。计算结果表明,所建模型能较好地计算出微生物生长曲线、代谢曲线、基质消耗曲线和微生物运移浓度曲线,与实验值有较好的一致性。这些模型综合考虑了微生物的生化特性、微生物作用对岩石、流体性质的影响以及油、气、水的渗流规律,是一个比较完整的微生物驱油数学模型。     

Pathogenic enterococci: new developments in the 21st century

Enterococci, traditionally viewed as Gram-positive commensal bacteria inhabiting the alimentary canals of humans and animals, are now acknowledged to be organisms capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The existence of enterococci in such a dual role is facilitated, at least in part, by its intrinsic and acquired resistance to virtually all antibiotics currently in use. Beginning with the initial identification of a streptococci of fecal origin in the late 19th century, enterococci have been studied for over a century now. A number of comprehensive reviews during this time have addressed various aspects of enterococci, including classification, biology, virulence, antibiotic resistance and so on. This review specifically addresses the important advances in the field of enterococcal research that have occurred since the beginning of the 21st century. Most notable among these developments have been the insights into enterococcal genomes and pathogenicity.Received 10 April 2003; received after revision 31 May 2003; accepted 3 June 2003     

油樟叶内生真菌的多样性研究

 采取在马铃薯培养基上加无菌油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum N.Chao ex H.W.Li)叶汁液作为分离培养基的办法,从油樟树叶中分离到24株内生真菌,经过鉴定,其分属于子囊菌纲的双足囊菌属(Dipodascus Lagerh.)、拟指突孢曲霉属(Emericellopsis J.F.H.Beyma)和半知菌类的花核菌属(Anthina Fr.)、青霉属(Penicillium Link)、组丝核菌属(Phacodium Pers.)、茎叶核菌属(Ectostroma Fr.)、地霉(Geotrichum Link)、皮核菌(Acinula Fr.)、团丝核菌(Papulaspora Preuss)、发菌(Capillaria Pers.)、峡串孢霉(Paepalopsis J.G.Khn)、小卵孢霉(Ovularia Sacc.)、卵形孢霉(Oospora Wallr.)、稀丝头孢霉(Haplotrichum Link)、单梗曲霉(Briarea Corda)等15个属,且以无孢菌居多,表现出较为丰富的类群(物种)多样性.     

亚麻脱胶菌的分离、筛选和鉴定

 从云南亚麻沤麻水、种植土、沤麻残渣堆积土中粗筛获得具有果胶酶活性的菌株51株;通过几种酶活性测定,获得果胶酶和木聚糖酶(主要的半纤维素酶)活性较高、无纤维素酶活力且脱胶周期短的目的菌株4株.基于4个菌株的果胶分解能力、沤麻周期长短以及沤麻的效果等指标,最终确认YN1.1是优良的亚麻脱胶菌株.经16S rRNA基因测序和生理生化鉴定,该株菌为芽胞杆菌属的地衣芽孢杆菌.     

Biomineralization of phototrophic microbes in silica-enriched hot springs in South China

Microbial mats in two hot springs in South China were sampled for the research of mineralization of microbes and its mechanism by the methods of geology and modern biology. The results show that hot spring microbes have the key capability for enrichment of Si, Al, Fe, Ca and other elements, and the microbes are also crucial for the formation of SiO2, CaCO3, clay and so on. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play important roles in the process of mineralization of hot spring microbes, which mainly takes place in the layer of EPS outside cell wall or sheath of cyanobacteria. The sheath outside cell wall, which keeps the normal metabolism of cyanobacteria during the process of mineralization on its surface, is also considerable for the biomineralization of cyanobacteria. According to structure and mineralization characteristics of two microbial mats, the process of mineralization can be divided into three stages, namely, early surface mineralization, middle degradation mineralization, and late des- quamation of mineral. The above conclusions are significant for comprehension of the process of mineralization, the process of deposition and the preservation of microfossil in modern and ancient extreme environments.     

微生物絮凝剂的应用研究

以处理高岭土悬浊液和池底污泥配制成的废液为基础,测定了其絮凝性,得出各种废水的最佳处理条件,探讨了金属阳离子对微生物絮凝性的影响。     

绿僵菌菌剂中试生产基地建设

介绍了国内外绿僵菌资源的开发现状以及山西省在绿僵菌研究方面所做的工作,阐述了绿僵菌菌剂中试生产基地建设项目的计划目标、主要研究内容、实施年限、经费预算、必要的支撑条件、组织措施及实施方案。     

Microbial communities in microcosm soils treated with battery waste

Battery waste is one of the most destructive hazards to our environment,especially to the soil.In order to understand the effects of the battery waste on the microbial communities in soil,microcosm soils were treated with the powder made from the battery waste.Microbial biomass and respiration were measured after 15,30,45,and 60 days of the treatment,and catabolic capability and Bi- olog profile were determined after 60 days.Microbial biomass was declined by all treatments,while microbial respiration and catabolic ca- pability were enhanced.Although microbial biomass recovered after a period of incubation,microbial respiratory quotient,catabolic capa- bility and community structure remained significantly affected.Our results also suggest that microbial respiratory quotient and Biolog pa- rameters are more sensitive than microbial biomass to the battery stress on bioavailability.