Sr-rich apatite from the Dangzishan leucitite-ijolite xenoliths （Heilongjiang Province）： Mineralogy and mantle-fluid metasomatism

Abundant apatite grains with elevated SrO content were found in leucitite-ijolite xenoliths in the Dangzi Mountain,Heilongjiang Province.Morphological and mineralogical associations,and compositional analysis of the Sr-rich apatite,were carried out using an electron microprobe.Two principal types of apatite were distinguished.One type occurs as short-prismatic crystals with Sr-rich rims,while another type with acicular or finely columnar shapes constitutes Sr-rich apatite element maps and systematic quantitative analysis of apatite revealed great variations in SrO content (0.42%-26.79%).The calculated structural formula of the measured Sr-rich apatite is:(Ca3.15-4.963Sr0.019-1.510Ba0.00-0.030Na0.006-0.108REE0.106-0.153) (P2.84-3.028Si0.009-0.094)O12(F0.675-1.079,Cl0.000-0.256,OH0.084-0.297).Mineralogical textures of apatite implied a replacement mechanism for the Sr-rich apatite.Sr-rich rims of apatite are suggested to have formed after metasomatism (isomorphic replacement) of early fluorapatite in a Sr-,light rare-earth elements (LREE),lithophile light elements (LILE)-and volatile-rich residual melt during late magmatism.However,the acicular apatite probably directly crystallized from a Sr-rich residual melt.The Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the apatite was distinctive from that of leucitite-ijolite and its host rock.These differences,combined with mineralogical features of apatite,imply that Sr-LREE-LILE-volatile-rich components in the residual melt were derived from deep in the asthenosphere,and subsequently were enriched at a late stage in magma evolution.     

Small-scale convection beneath oceans and continents

Small-scale convection supplies heat flow of ～17 mW m-2 to the base of stable continents where xenolith studies resolve the geotherm.However,effects of small-scale convection are difficult to resolve in ocean basins.On first pass,most seafloor appears to subside to an asymptote compatible with ～40 mW m-2 convective heat flow.These common regions are tracked by hotspots so uplift associated with ponded mantle material is an attractive alternative.Unaffected seafloor in the North and South Atlantic continues to subside with the square root of age as expected from pure conduction.The theory of stagnant-lid convection provides good scaling relationships for heat flow.For linear viscosity,heat flow is proportional to the underlying "half-space" viscosity to the 1/3 power and the temperature to change viscosity by a factor of e to the 4/3 power.The formalism is easily modified to represent convection beneath a lid of highly viscous and buoyant cratonal lithosphere and to represent transient convection beneath thickening oceanic lithosphere.Asthenospheric mantle with linear,strongly temperature-dependent,and weakly depth-dependent viscosity is compatible with both oceanic and continental data.More complicated rheology may allow vigorous small-scale convection under most but not all old ocean basins.Still viable hypotheses require poorly understood global features,including lateral variations of asthenospheric temperature.Seismological studies have the potential to resolve the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary,including local variations of its depth associated with small-scale convection.     

南海成因模式述评

南海的构造演化与其周边的板块构造运动有密切关系,一直是地学研究的热点问题。现对中外学者关于南海成因模式的观点、模式进行综述分析,讨论涉及主动成因10种,被动类成因7种,涉及代表性观点20个,每一观点都能合理解释一些宏观地质现象,也都与另一些地质现象相悖,还需要进一步修正、发展或用新的资料来验证。这是南海研究日趋成熟的表现,未来将会逐渐各个学说融合发展。从史学的角度讨论了"南海观点"之演变,认为未来主要趋向是研究方法多元化、精细化、定量化,认为南海与周围地块之间主被动关系研究、东南亚盆地群响应序列之间对比、岩石圈结构学、区域岩石发展史、不同学说的动力学定量对比与评价是未来的主要研究关注点,并充分考虑外围被动因素,融合南海的发育历史,并将中生代南海的岩石圈禀赋及历史融于其中是南海成因模式研究的重要方向。     

贵州泥堡金矿床成矿地质条件研究

泥堡金矿是黔西南卡林型金矿矿集区的重要组成部分,但在赋矿岩石、含金建造和岩相古地理位置方面,泥堡金矿具有显著的特殊性。本文通过对贵州泥堡金矿床成矿地质条件的研究,分析认为峨眉山地幔热柱的活动为泥堡金矿的形成提供了物质来源和热能来源,为含矿热液的形成和活动创造了前提条件,燕山期大规模的构造造山运动最终决定了泥堡金矿的定位和形成。     

青藏高原形成演化有待深化研究的几个主要科学问题

 青藏高原是研究大陆-大陆碰撞、造山、地壳增厚机制等大陆动力学基本理论问题的理想实验场所。本文依据中国地质科学院执行的3大项目（中法合作、中美合作、亚东格尔木研究）及其他有关研究的成果,从15个方面（包括9个地壳上地幔相关及6个派生的矿产资源和地震问题）论述了研究进展和有待深化的科学问题。     

中条山西南地区基性岩墙群的地球化学特征及其地质意义

根据岩石学和地球化学组成分析, 分3组讨论了中条山西南地区辉绿岩岩墙群的成因。结果表明: 它们都是富集地幔源区源岩部分熔融的产物。第1组岩墙是初始岩浆经历少量的铁镁质矿物分离结晶作用的产物; 第2组和第3组岩墙是玄武质岩浆又经历壳幔岩浆混合和斜长石、钛磁铁矿等分离结晶作用的产物; 第3组岩墙可能受地壳混染和后期热液蚀变的影响较大。它们都形成于板内伸展环境, 可能与熊耳?中条拗拉谷的发育有关。     

个旧超大型锡多金属矿床成矿流体来源的氦同位素证据

对取自个旧超大型锡多金属矿床层状矿体和接触带矿体的黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿样品进行流体包裹体的He同位素测定,其成矿流体中3He和4He的质量浓度分别为1.43×10-13～9.39×10-13 cm3/g和0.64×10-6～3.25×10-6 cm3/g,ρ3He/ρ4He=0.06～0.21 Ra.在考虑可导致矿体中成矿流体氦同位素质量浓度比值发生变化的各种因素的基础上,讨论了个旧锡多金属矿床成矿流体的成因.结果表明氦同位素地球化学资料反映出该矿床早期成矿流体中氦主源于地幔,应为海水与地幔流体混合形成.而后期大量富含地壳放射成因氦的燕山期花岗岩成矿流体对早期形成的矿源层或矿体进行叠加、改造.个旧超大型锡多金属矿床不是单纯的花岗岩成因矿床,也不是单纯的海底喷流成因矿床,而是同生沉积与岩浆热液叠加、改造的复合成因矿床.     

下扬子区深部热状态与岩石圈厚度

根据下扬子地区区域构造，地温场和大地热流密度的分布特征，结合岩石热性参数测试结果和该区的地表分层模型，确定了地幔热流密度分布特征和壳幔边界温度以及居里等温面的埋藏深度。根据于玄武岩固相线公式，估算了上地幔介质部分熔融开始的深度。     

济阳坳陷二氧化碳气田的成因机制研究

二氧化碳气田是具有很高经济价值的非烃类天然气田，弄清其成因成藏规律，对进行勘探开发及综合利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过成因，地质条件扩地成藏的大地构造背景分析对济阳坳陷二氧化碳气田进行较详细研究。根据二氧化碳气田气体组分和碳同位系分析，认为济阳坳陷二氧化碳气的成因为幔源－火山岩浆型。