Combined effects of solar UV radiation and CO2-induced seawater acidification on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages in the South China Sea

We carried out short term pCO₂/pH perturbation experiments in the coastal waters of the South China Sea to evaluate the combined effects of seawater acidification (low pH/high pCO₂) and solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages. Under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) alone treatments, reduced pCO² (190 ppmv) with increased pH resulted in a significant decrease in the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate (about 23%), while enriched pCO₂ (700 ppmv) with lowered pH had no significant effect on the photosynthetic performance compared to the ambient level. The apparent photosynthetic efficiency decreased under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably due to C-limitation as well as energy being diverged for up-regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). In the presence of UVR, both UV-A and UV-B caused photosynthetic inhibition, though UV-A appeared to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency under lower PAR levels. UV-B caused less inhibition of photosynthesis under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably because of its contribution to the inorganic carbon (Ci)-acquisition processes. Under the seawater acidification conditions (enriched pCO₂), both UV-A and UV-B reduced the photosynthetic carbon fixation to higher extents compared to the ambient pCO₂ conditions. We conclude that solar UV and seawater acidification could synergistically inhibit photosynthesis.     

A new cascading failure model with delay time in congested complex networks

Cascading failures often occur in congested complex networks. Cascading failures can be expressed as a three-phase process: generation, diffusion, and dissipation of congestion. Different from the betweenness centrality, a congestion function is proposed to represent the extent of congestion on a given node. Inspired by the restart process of a node, we introduce the concept of “delay time,” during which the overloaded node cannot receive or forward any traffic, so an intergradation between permanent removal and nonremoval is built and the flexibility of the presented model is demonstrated. Considering the connectivity of a network before and after cascading failures is not cracked because the overloaded node are not removed from network permanently in our model, a new evaluation function of network efficiency is also proposed to measure the damage caused by cascading failures. Finally, we investigate the effects of network structure and size, delay time, processing ability, and traffic generation speed on congestion propagation. Cascading processes composed of three phases and some factors affecting cascade propagation are uncovered as well.     

黑土区主要粗饲料及其组合对绵羊日粮养分消化及生长性能的影响

选用12只无角陶塞特×夏洛莱的杂交一代雄性绵羊(7～7.5月龄,体质量40.58 kg±1.17 kg),采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究不同精粗饲料组合对绵羊日粮养分消化及生产性能的影响.在精料供给量一致的条件下,按粗料来源不同分成4组:对照组(100%玉米秸秆)、试验组Ⅰ(100%豆皮)、试验组Ⅱ(50%玉米秸秆+50%豆皮)、试验组Ⅲ(50%玉米秸秆+50%苜蓿鲜草),每个处理组3只,试验期60d.结果表明,试验组Ⅱ、试验组Ⅲ均较对照组显著提高了日粮有机质(OM)、蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率(P<0.05),试验组Ⅲ较对照组显著提高了日粮干物质(DM)表观消化率(P<0.05),各组间酸性洗涤纤维(AOF)表现消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组Ⅲ较对照组、试验组Ⅰ日增重显著,分别提高48.47%(P<0.05)、32.29%(P<0.05).综上,玉米秸秆、豆皮及苜蓿鲜草之间存在显著的粗饲料原料间的正组合效应,三者间的其它组合方式及最佳比例有待在此研究基础上开展深入研究.表3,参11.     

基于位置和散度效应因子分类筛选及仿真试验

针对供应链及其它计算机仿真试验中所涉及因子数目众多的情形,序贯分支方法因筛选效率较高被广泛采用.然而,现有的序贯分支方法忽视对散度效应起显著作用的因子.由于相比位置效应,散度效应在产品或供应链系统的质量设计中是同等甚至更为重要的,故提出一种基于位置效应与散度效应的序贯分支方法.首先,将影响位置效应与散度效应的显著因子分类为调节因子,重要因子和稳健因子;然后,结合序贯概率比检验(sequential probability ratio test,SPRT),在控制筛选过程中第一类错误和第二类错误的基础上,采用序贯分支方法分类地筛选出显著因子;最后通过仿真试验说明此方法能够有效且分类地处理位置效应与散度效应下的显著因子筛选问题.     

逃离“北上广深”背景下一线城市房价涟漪效应研究

本文基于逃离"北上广深"背景,研究了一线城市对二三线城市的房价涟漪效应,并从城市规模大小、距一线城市远近和涟漪效应高低三个方面,对比分析各因素对涟漪效应的影响.研究发现:1)逃离"北上广深"背景下,产业相似度、生活舒适性差距、交通便捷性、住房市场信息距离、社会文化距离、就业增长率、开放度和总储蓄均对涟漪效应表现出显著促进作用;2)二线城市各因素的影响程度均大于三线城市;3)随着与一线城市距离的增加,产业相似度、交通便捷性、就业增长率和开放度的影响呈递减趋势,生活舒适性差距呈递增趋势,住房市场信息距离和总储蓄基本与距离无关;4)随分位数提高,多数变量的影响程度增强,表现出"加速效应".     

红外传感器自身效应仿真研究

在实验室里采用硬件闭环方式测试和评估红外导引头信息处理机需要实时、高逼真度的红外光电仿真技术。为了在硬件闭环仿真中更真实有效的评估导引头信息处理机算法的性能，必须在硬件闭环仿真中增加红外传感器效应自身仿真的环节。通过对红外传感器自身效应的仿真方法和需要实现的关键功能进行分析，确定了仿真功能流程。充分考虑到多种处理要求，设计了一种基于FPGA＋DSP的硬件实现方式。最后通过实验结果验证了设计方法的有效性。     

Forecasting with Micro Panels: The Case of Health Care Costs

Micro panels characterized by large numbers of individuals observed over a short time period provide a rich source of information, but as yet there is only limited experience in using such data for forecasting. Existing simulation evidence supports the use of a fixed‐effects approach when forecasting but it is not based on a truly micro panel set‐up. In this study, we exploit the linkage of a representative survey of more than 250,000 Australians aged 45 and over to 4 years of hospital, medical and pharmaceutical records. The availability of panel health cost data allows the use of predictors based on fixed‐effects estimates designed to guard against possible omitted variable biases associated with unobservable individual specific effects. We demonstrate the preference towards fixed‐effects‐based predictors is unlikely to hold in many practical situations, including our models of health care costs. Simulation evidence with a micro panel set‐up adds support and additional insights to the results obtained in the application. These results are supportive of the use of the ordinary least squares predictor in a wide range of circumstances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Flexible Functional Form Approach To Mortality Modeling: Do We Need Additional Cohort Dummies?

The increasing amount of attention paid to longevity risk and funding for old age has created the need for precise mortality models and accurate future mortality forecasts. Orthogonal polynomials have been widely used in technical fields and there have also been applications in mortality modeling. In this paper we adopt a flexible functional form approach using two‐dimensional Legendre orthogonal polynomials to fit and forecast mortality rates. Unlike some of the existing mortality models in the literature, the model we propose does not impose any restrictions on the age, time or cohort structure of the data and thus allows for different model designs for different countries' mortality experience. We conduct an empirical study using male mortality data from a range of developed countries and explore the possibility of using age–time effects to capture cohort effects in the underlying mortality data. It is found that, for some countries, cohort dummies still need to be incorporated into the model. Moreover, when comparing the proposed model with well‐known mortality models in the literature, we find that our model provides comparable fitting but with a much smaller number of parameters. Based on 5‐year‐ahead mortality forecasts, it can be concluded that the proposed model improves the overall accuracy of the future mortality projection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

如何选择After Effects中的抠像工具

抠像大多运用于电影和电视的特效制作上，因此，掌握好这项技术是一个高端的影视制作人的必备条件之一。本文主要叙述了AfterEffects中抠像的一般流程．并且介绍了常用的几种抠像方法以及每种方法适用的环境。     

Protective effect of Shigyaku-to,a traditional Chinese herbal medicine,on the infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in mice

The antiviral activity of Shigyaku-to (TJS-109), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was investigated in mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). TJS-109 is a combination of the medicinal plant extracts fromZingiberis siccatum rhizoma,Aconiti tuber andGlycyrrhizae radix in a specific proportion. Mice infected with a 10 LD₅₀ dose of HSV-1 were treated with TJS-109 orally at doses of 1.25 to 20 mg/kg 2 days before, and 1 and 4 days after the infection. The treated groups had 80% (1.25 mg/kg), 40% (5 mg/kg) and 23% (20 mg/kg) mortality rates 25 days after the infection as compared with a 100% mortality rate in control mice treated with saline. When HSV-1 infected mice (recipients) received CD8⁺T cell fractions derived from spleens of mice treated with TJS-109 (donors), 70% of recipients survived, as compared with 0% survivors in the groups of mice treated with saline, B cell fractions, CD4⁺ T cell fractions or macrophage-enriched fractions prepared from the same donors. TJS-109 did not show any virucidal activities against HSV-1 or any virostatic activities on the growth of HSV-1 in Vero cells. These results suggest that TJS-109 protected mice exposed to lethal amounts of HSV-1 through the activation of CD8⁺ T cells.