Linear and non-linear pseudocapacitances with or without diffusion control

Pseudocapacitance is an important reversible charge storage mechanism in many electrode materials. Although the concept was first proposed in early 1960s, it has been more widely studied following the observation of rectangular cyclic voltammograms (CVs) when testing some transition metal oxides and electronically conducting polymers, and the association with supercapacitor. However, interpretation of pseudocapacitance is inconsistent in the literature. Although all agree that materials are pseudocapacitive if they undergo Faradaic reactions and exhibit rectangular CVs, some have regarded any surface confined Faradaic reactions which may present non-rectangular or even peak-shaped CVs to be pseudocapacitive. In the case of rectangular CVs, the amount of charge stored in the electrode is a linear function of the electrode potential, whilst for non-rectangular or peak-shaped CVs, the relationship is non-linear. It is shown in this article that only linear pseudocapacitance is of relevance to supercapacitor, but non-linear pseudocapacitance may find applications in rechargeable battery and supercapattery. Further, it is clarified that the equation i ​= ​k₁v ​+ ​k₂v^1/2 is useful in analysis of electrode kinetics in terms of surface confinement and diffusion control. However, this kinetic equation is blind to the thermodynamically determined charge storage mechanisms as shown by experimental evidence, and should not be used to differentiate non-capacitive Faradaic processes from pseudocapacitance, either linear or non-linear.     

Tsinghua-1 Micro-Satellite Power System Architecture and Design

IntroductionThe Space Center of Tsinghua University( Beijing,China) ,together with Surrey Satellite TechnologyLtd.( SSTL,Guildford,United Kingdom) ,designed and produced the Tsinghua- 1 Micro-satellite.SSTL has pioneered cost- effectivesatellite engineering techniques for highlysophisticated,yet inexpensive micro- satellites[1]for earth observation,data delivery[2 ] and scientificexperiments[3,4 ] .The Tsinghua- 1 Micro- satellite has a mass ofapproximately5 0 kg.Its envelope is330 m…     

Research on catalysis of sodium-metallochlorophylls in Ni/MH battery

The effects of sodium-metallochlorophylls including sodium-iron chlorophyllin, sodium-copper chlorophyllin and sodium-magnesium chlorophyllin on performance of Ni/MH battery were investigated. The results show that sodium-iron chlorophyllin can effectively activate the gases produced during charge in Ni/MH battery, therefore reducing the reduction potential of oxygen and the oxidation potential of hydrogen, and the increased speed of inner pressure of battery is decreased significantly. With the aid of DMol3 software, the activation process of oxygen and hydrogen by sodiummetallochlorophylls was simulated and analyzed. It was found that the catalysis behavior is in agreement with the experimental results, and the activation process also gets a reasonable explanation from the calculated results.     

水溶液中相转化制备六方相三氧化钼及其电化学嵌锂性质

三氧化钼(MoO3)以三种常见的物相存在:正交相、六方相和单斜相,前者为热力学稳定相,后两者为热力学介稳相.相对于稳定的正交相MoO3,介稳的六方相MoO3较难制备.笔者采用对已商品化的正交相MoO3再次结晶的方法制得了纯六方相MoO3.通过透射电镜(TEM)观察可知产物为均匀的纳米棒.实验结果表明合成的六方相MoO3的首次放电容量比商品化的正交相MoO3高.六方相MoO3有望成为理想的锂离子电池阴极材料.     

B元素对正极材料LiCoO2结构及性能的影响

为得到性能优异的锂离子电池正极材料,通过湿化学方法首先制得LiCoO2前驱体,掺入一定量H3BO3后经加热处理即得到掺B样品.通过对掺B样品进行检测分析,结果表明B的掺入能够部分改变LiCoO2的结构;其中当B含量在0.5%～3.5%时效果最好,其循环性也有提高.     

新型锂电池正极材料多硫化碳炔的研究

为克服锂/硫电池的正极材料单质硫的导电性差、放电产物的部分溶解导致电池性能下降等问题,设计并制备了一种新型正极材料多硫化碳炔。通过核磁共振、拉曼光谱、X-射线及SEM等手段对其进行了研究,并得到其形态及结构信息,证明材料具有“主链导电、侧链储能”的结构。通过充放电性能测试及循环伏安测试对其电化学性能进行了研究,结果表明该材料具有较高的充放电效率与良好的循环性能,0.4mA/cm²的放电条件下60次循环后比容量可以达到400mAh/g,充放电效率接近100%。     

矿山机车用中等功率型锂离子电池制备技术

分别以LiFePO4、人造石墨为正、负极活性物质,成功研制出可替代铅酸电池用于矿山机车、额定容量为23 Ah的中等功率4866135型方型钢壳锂离子电池．针对矿山机车使用工况,提出了锂离子动力电池的设计依据和各项工艺参数,重点研究了电池的荷电特性、功率特性和安全性能．测试结果表明,4866135型锂离子电池5 C倍率的持续放电质量比功率高达354.6 W/kg,1 C循环450周,容量保持率在86%以上．安全性能测试表明,电池可靠性高,各项技术指标均达到了设计要求．     

基于电动物流车的充电和换电设施选址模型

本文研究了在充电和换电两种模式下基于电动物流车的充换电设施选址问题.首先,分别建立无充电行为时的路径规划和车辆调度模型以及充电和换电模式下,以用电成本,车辆固定出行成本,机会成本和惩罚成本之和最小化为目标的充换电设施选址模型.然后设计了一种改进的遗传算法求解路径规划和选址模型.最后,对比分析了充电和换电模式下充换电设施的选址决策及配送总成本,并得到结论:充电未造成配送延迟时,充电模式下的配送成本较低;充电导致配送延迟时,提高充电速度或选用换电模式能够使配送成本更低.另外,公用充电站服务费用的高低会显著影响物流企业关于自建充电设施还是使用公用充电站的决策.     

电动汽车用电池管理系统的研究

在大量动力电池充放电动态响应试验研究的基础上,研制了电动汽车动力电池在线监测系统.系统以MC9S12DP256B微控制器为核心,实时监测电池电压、电流和温度等信息;利用电池的电压模型、安时平衡模型,模糊控制模型估算荷电状态;通过CAN和多能源管理系统进行通信;将电池的状态信息保存于EEPROM中.试验结果表明:该管理系统对车用管式铅酸电池荷电状态的预测具有较高的精度.     

石墨烯在锂离子电池材料中大有可为

锂离子电池是一种典型的可充电电池,在储能技术领域占主导地位,应用极为广泛。近年来,科技发展对锂离子电池提出了更高要求,包括高能量密度、高安全稳定性等,驱动着电池材料与结构不断创新发展。研制石墨烯基复合正极负极材料,是极为活跃的方向。在此,对锂离子电池的结构、面临的突出挑战以及石墨烯基正极和负极材料研究前沿进行了介绍,重点围绕石墨烯增强电极材料电学特性的基本原理和复合材料制备技术作了阐述,也提出了未来发展动向。