胞内聚合物在絮凝体与丝状菌污泥中的形成

研究了两种反应器 (间歇式反应器和连续流反应器 )在使用两种有机基质 (葡萄糖和乙酸钠 )的条件下 ,污泥膨胀发生及与胞内聚合物形成的关系 .得到结论 :丝状菌降解化学需氧量COD的速率和形成胞内有机聚合物的速率较慢 ,且整个过程几乎速率不变 ;胞内有机聚合物形成量比絮凝体污泥少 ;而絮凝体污泥有极为明显的初期COD快速降解与胞内有机聚合物快速形成阶段     

水库藻类细胞内微囊藻毒素变化规律

摘要:应用高效液相色谱,对北方某水库5个采样点藻类细胞内3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR,RR和YR)进行了为期一年的监测.研究了细胞内微囊藻毒素随时间的变化规律,并探讨了环境因子对细胞内微囊藻毒素产生的影响.结果表明,藻类细胞内3种微囊藻毒素被检出的时间不一致,LR异构体在4月份下旬即可检测到,而RR和YR异构体则要到5月份中旬才能检测到.LR和YR异构体在9月份出现高峰值,而RR异构体在10月份达到全年的最大值.4—9月份,LR异构体含量最大,RR异构体次之,YR异构体含量最小;10—12月份,RR异构体含量最大,10月和11月LR含量大于YR,但是12月份LR未检出,而YR含量比11月份还高.环境因子对细胞内微囊藻毒素的影响也不一致:溶解氧和硝酸盐氮都与3种异构体呈显著负相关;总磷、溶解性总磷和磷酸盐都与RR异构体呈显著正相关,氨氮和LR异构体之间存在显著负相关.     

Effect of Calcium on Spontaneous Quantal Transmitter Secretion from ACh-Loaded Myocytes

Introduction Transmitter secretion requires specialized secretory or- ganelles, the synaptic vesicles, for the packaging, stor- age, and exocytotic release of the transmitters[1,2]. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released at the neuromuscular…     

运动训练对大鼠淋巴细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

研究常规训练对大鼠淋巴细胞内Ca^2 浓度的影响，并与未训练大鼠进行比较。将24只大鼠随机分为安静组、力竭运动组和训练 力竭运动组。训练 力竭运动组常规训练3周后，与力竭运动组一同进行负重4％条件下的力竭游泳运动。观察、对照运动后即刻大鼠脾细胞、胸腺细胞及外周血淋巴细胞内Ca^2 浓度的变化，结果发现训练 力竭运动组达到力竭的时间较力竭运动组显著延长。与安静组相比，力竭运动组脾细胞及外周血淋巴细胞内Ca^2 滚度有升高趋势，而训练 力竭运动组升高显著；训练 力竭运动组3种淋巴细胞内Ca^2 浓度普遍有高于力竭运动组的趋势，表明运动训练能提高大鼠运动能力可能与增强机体对力竭运动导致的钙调节失衡的适应能力有关。     

Amyloid precursor protein and its homologues: a family of proteolysis-dependent receptors

The Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein (APP) belongs to a conserved gene family that also includes the mammalian APLP1 and APLP2, the Drosophila APPL, and the C. elegans APL-1. The biological function of APP is still not fully clear. However, it is known that the APP family proteins have redundant and partly overlapping functions, which demonstrates the importance of studying all APP family members to gain a more complete picture. When APP was first cloned, it was speculated that it could function as a receptor. This theory has been further substantiated by studies showing that APP and its homologues bind both extracellular ligands and intracellular adaptor proteins. The APP family proteins undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), generating secreted and cytoplasmic fragments that have been ascribed different functions. In this review, we will discuss the APP family with focus on biological functions, binding partners, and regulated processing.     

芽孢杆菌植酸酶基因在毕赤酵母中的胞内表达

根据已知的枯草芽孢杆菌WHNB02植酸酶phyC基因全序列设计一对引物,采用PCR法从含有该基因的pUC18-phyC质粒上获得了长约1.1kb不含有信号肽序列的植酸酶phyC基因表达片段.经T载体克隆及序列测定后,构建毕赤巴斯德表达载体pPIC3.5K-phyC,并电转化毕赤巴斯德酵母宿主菌GS115.经MD和MM平板筛选、酶活性测定,获得了阳性转化子,并进行了诱导表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明:表达产物分子量为42.01KD,表达量占细胞可溶性总蛋白的24%,并具有植酸酶的生物学活性.酶学性质分析结果显示:胞内表达的植酸酶酶促反应最适pH值为7.5;最适反应温度为70℃;经90℃处理10min,残留酶活性42% 均优于出发菌株天然植酸酶的相应性质.     

Functions of reticulons in plants: What we can learn from animals and yeasts

Reticulons (RTNs) are membrane-spanning proteins sharing a typical domain named reticulon homology domain (RHD). RTN genes have been identified in all eukaryotic organisms examined so far, and the corresponding proteins have been found predominantly associated to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In animal and yeast, in which knowledge of the protein family is more advanced, RTNs are involved in numerous cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell division and intracellular trafficking. Up to now, a little attention has been paid to their plant counterparts, i.e., RTNLBs. In this review, we summarize the data available for RTNLB proteins and, using the data obtained with animal and yeast models, several functions for RTNLBs in plant cells are proposed and discussed. Received 01 July 2008; received after revision 08 September 2008; accepted 30 September 2008     

Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects

Many notions regarding the function, structure and regulation of cholera toxin expression have remained essentially unaltered in the last 15 years. At the same time, recent findings have generated additional perspectives. For example, the cholera toxin genes are now known to be carried by a non-lytic bacteriophage, a previously unsuspected condition. Understanding of how the expression of cholera toxin genes is controlled by the bacterium at the molecular level has advanced significantly and relationships with cell-density-associated (quorum-sensing) responses have recently been discovered. Regarding the cell intoxication process, the mode of entry and intracellular transport of cholera toxin are becoming clearer. In the immunological field, the strong oral immunogenicity of the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) has been exploited in the development of a now widely licensed oral cholera vaccine. Additionally, CTB has been shown to induce tolerance against co-administered (linked) foreign antigens in some autoimmune and allergic diseases. Received 25 October 2007; accepted 12 December 2007     

Huntington’s disease: from huntingtin function and dysfunction to therapeutic strategies

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually starts in middle age and is characterized by involuntary movements (chorea), personality changes and dementia, leading to death within 10–20 years. The defective gene in HD contains a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion within its coding region that expresses a polyglutamine repeat in the protein huntingtin. Together with the characteristic formation of aggregates in HD, aberrant protein interactions and several post-translational modifications affect huntingtin during disease progression and lead to the dysfunction and death of selective neurons in the brains of patients. The exact molecular mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin induces cell death are not completely understood but may involve the gain of new toxic functions and the loss of the beneficial properties of huntingtin. This review focuses on the cellular functions in which huntingtin is involved and how a better understanding of pathogenic pathways can lead to new therapeutic approaches. Received 24 May 2006; received after revision 5 July 2006; accepted 23 August 2006