Acquisition of nutrients from organic resources by mycorrhizal autotrophic plants

Summary Evidence exists to suggest that mycorrhizal fungi are capable of producing enzymes allowing them to access carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from complex organic resources in soil. This facility is mainly demonstrated in ectomycorrhizal and ericaceous endomycorrhizal fungi associated with highly organic soils and climatically stressed environments. These data support a direct nutrient cycling hypothesis proposed for tropical ectomycorrhizal forests. In terms of forest succession, the evidence agrees with a major contribution of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in late stages of the succession, where elemental cycling becomes increasingly more conservative and process rates limited by biotic factors. Here, tree growth benefits from direct nutrient cycling mediated by their mycorrhizal symbionts.     

水库藻类细胞内微囊藻毒素变化规律

摘要:应用高效液相色谱,对北方某水库5个采样点藻类细胞内3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR,RR和YR)进行了为期一年的监测.研究了细胞内微囊藻毒素随时间的变化规律,并探讨了环境因子对细胞内微囊藻毒素产生的影响.结果表明,藻类细胞内3种微囊藻毒素被检出的时间不一致,LR异构体在4月份下旬即可检测到,而RR和YR异构体则要到5月份中旬才能检测到.LR和YR异构体在9月份出现高峰值,而RR异构体在10月份达到全年的最大值.4—9月份,LR异构体含量最大,RR异构体次之,YR异构体含量最小;10—12月份,RR异构体含量最大,10月和11月LR含量大于YR,但是12月份LR未检出,而YR含量比11月份还高.环境因子对细胞内微囊藻毒素的影响也不一致:溶解氧和硝酸盐氮都与3种异构体呈显著负相关;总磷、溶解性总磷和磷酸盐都与RR异构体呈显著正相关,氨氮和LR异构体之间存在显著负相关.     

Amyloid precursor protein and its homologues: a family of proteolysis-dependent receptors

The Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein (APP) belongs to a conserved gene family that also includes the mammalian APLP1 and APLP2, the Drosophila APPL, and the C. elegans APL-1. The biological function of APP is still not fully clear. However, it is known that the APP family proteins have redundant and partly overlapping functions, which demonstrates the importance of studying all APP family members to gain a more complete picture. When APP was first cloned, it was speculated that it could function as a receptor. This theory has been further substantiated by studies showing that APP and its homologues bind both extracellular ligands and intracellular adaptor proteins. The APP family proteins undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), generating secreted and cytoplasmic fragments that have been ascribed different functions. In this review, we will discuss the APP family with focus on biological functions, binding partners, and regulated processing.     

人胎儿发育中牙胚造釉器的组织化学研究(英文)

本文报导6例3～7月胎儿造釉器发育过程中各种细胞的硷性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、非特异性脂酶(NSE)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的组织化学改变。其中三例为钟状期,另三例为钟状末期或硬组织形成期。造釉器的外釉上皮、星网状层和中间层细胞均显示ALP活性。内釉上皮则为阴性。但在发育后斯,在内釉上皮之间的细胞间隙显示有ALP活性。造釉器的各种细胞均显示ACP活性,以内釉上皮活性最高,特别是在Tomes突部位。NSE活性类似于ACP,但活性较低。造釉器各种细胞均显示有LDH和SDH活性,但后者活性性弱。除SDH外,上述诸酶的活性均随胎龄增长而增强。在分布上,则其活性是从造釉器帽部向颈攀部递减。本文还报导,在光学显微镜下,可以观察到分泌期造釉细胞的Tomes突,并且发现这里的酶活性最强。根据上述发现,本文讨论了硷性和酸性磷酸酶在硬组织形成过程中的作用,以及牙胚造釉器的代谢特点。     

Low-molecular-weight enzyme inhibitors suppress the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Summary We tested the activity of low-molecular-weight enzyme inhibitors with immunomodifying actions on the suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Of the agents tested the inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase B and esterase gave significant protection againts the clinical expression of EAE in guinea pigs.Acknowledgments. This work was partly supported by a grant-in-aid for New Drug Development Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan.     

骨桥蛋白在免疫中的作用

骨桥蛋白（OPN）是一种多功能的磷酸化糖蛋白,其涉及多种病理生理学过程.近来研究发现骨桥蛋白通过不同的翻译起始位点产生两种形式的蛋白,即分泌型骨桥蛋白（ sOPN,secreted OPN）和胞内型骨桥蛋白（iOPN,intracellular OPN）.本文主要介绍了sOPN及iOPN在免疫应答中的作用.     

Preparation and cellular uptake of PLGA particles loaded with lamivudine

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lamivudine and coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared via a double emulsion method. The influences of experiments parameters such as volume of inner aqueous phase, concentration of organic phase and ultrasonication time on the particle size and drug entrapment efficiency were investigated, obtaining PLGA particles with a diameter of ~260 nm and drug entrapment efficiency of ~35%. The particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmittance electron microscopy, showing a core-shell structure. BCA assay found that 58 mg BSA was present on/in 1 g LPB particles. The loaded lamivudine showed a burst release at beginning and sustained release until 24 h in physiological conditions. Low pH could accelerate the release of lamivudine from PLGA particles, making the PLGA particles potential intelligent intracellular drug carriers. The PLGA particles were readily internalized into the human liver cells within a short time and increased gradually with the prolongation of incubation time regardless of the loading of lamivudine. The particles either resided within lysosomes or transferred to cytoplasm, but could not enter into the cell nucleus. The cell viability was not significantly influenced in the presence of the particles regardless of lamivudine encapsulation, suggesting that this kind of particles may be a good candidate for the intracellular anti-hepatitis B drug delivery.     

不同木质底物诱导下桦剥管菌细胞内差异蛋白质分析

【目的】研究桦剥管菌在不同木质底物诱导下细胞内蛋白的差异表达情况,探讨桦剥管菌降解木材机理。【方法】以白桦、云杉木屑为诱导底物,利用蛋白质组双向电泳技术(2-DE)结合质谱技术(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS),检测桦剥管菌在不同树种木屑诱导下与对照组(未加木屑)相比菌体胞内蛋白质变化情况,对差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析。【结果】在白桦和云杉木屑诱导下,桦剥管菌细胞内蛋白表达发生了明显变化,处理组(添加木屑)共检测到32个细胞内差异表达蛋白点,经质谱检测及数据库检索,成功鉴定17个差异蛋白点,这些蛋白具有转移酶、水解酶、蛋白结合、细胞信号转导等分子功能,涉及分解代谢、有机物质代谢、氮化合物代谢、初级代谢、细胞生物合成和刺激响应过程。【结论】桦剥管菌降解木材是多种蛋白质共同作用的结果,通过调节多种代谢过程中的相关蛋白表达来发挥作用。     

一类具有时滞及非线性感染率的病毒感染模型的稳定性及分支分析

将时滞及饱和发生率引入到一类具有初级细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLp)和效应细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLe)免疫反应的病毒感染模型,证明了改进后模型无病毒感染平衡点及无免疫平衡点的全局渐近稳定性.同时,给出了免役应答平衡点(正平衡点)产生Hopf分支的充分条件.最后,数值模拟验证了理论结果.     

镉、铅胁迫下长根菇菌丝体中巯基化合物和抗氧化酶系统的变化研究

研究了固体培养基中不同浓度水平的镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)胁迫对长根菇菌丝体巯基化合物和抗氧化酶系统的变化.结果表明:高浓度的Cd和Pb显著降低了菌丝体中可溶性蛋白含量,高浓度的镉使得长根菇菌丝体中的巯基化合物含量明显降低,与此同时,长根菇菌丝体中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)随Pb浓度的增加先上升后下降,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在高浓度的Pb胁迫下活性增强,在Cd胁迫下,随着处理浓度的增加,长根菇菌丝体中SOD和CAT的活性也是先上升后下降,而POD的活性变化不明显.说明在低浓度时的重金属胁迫长根菇菌丝体的细胞是有一定的耐受能力的,当随着浓度的增加菌丝体将受到不可逆的损伤.